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NATIONAL AOAi'KMY OF SCIKN<

VOL. VI.

SEVENTH MEMOIli.

HUMAN BONES OF THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION IN THE UNITEi)

STATES AKMY MEDICAL MUSK!

Anthropology

A«5d'l

GIFT

THE HUMAN BONES OF THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION IN THE UNITED
STATES ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM AT WASHINGTON,

BY

DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS,

SURGEON, U. S. ARMY;

WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE HYOID BONES OF THIS COLLECTION

BY

DR. J. L. WORTMAN.

REPORTS PRESENTED TO THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE
SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY,

DR. JOHN S. BILLINGS,

SURGEON, U. S. ARMY.

In 1887 an expedition was fitted out under the direction of Mr. Frank Gushing, with funds
supplied by the liberality of Mrs. Mary Heinenway, of Boston, for exploring certain ruins in the
valley of the Gila River, in the Territory of Arizona.

The work of exploration was commenced with a mound of large size, apparently little n.uie
than a rude pile of earth, in the valley of the Salado, or Salt River, a tributary of the Gila. This
proved to be the ruins of a large earthen house, apparently analogous in structure to the still
standing Casa Grande, which lies about 35 miles to the southeast, and these ruins were found to
be a part of a congregation of houses or a city, extending about G miles in length, and from half a
mile to a mile in width along the valley. A large number of human bones were found under the
Hours of the houses, so large a number, in fact, that Mr. Gushing gave the place the name of Los
Muertos, or the town of the dead.

When the work v:as fairly under way Mr. Gushing was taken sick, and application was made
by the Hemenway Exploring Expedition to the Surgeon-General to allow Dr. Washington
•Matthews, of the Army, to go out and take Mr. Cushing's place during his illness, to supervise the
explorations. Dr. Matthews went to Los Muertos in the month of August, 1887. He found that no
attention had been paid to the collection or. preservation of human bones, which were extremely
fragile, crumbling to dust upon a touch, and which had been thrown about and trampled under
foot by curious visitors, so that but little remained of value from the work which had been
previously done. Recognizing the importance and interest of these remains, he set to work to
preserve the bones excavated after his arrival as far as possible, and reported the facts to me,
suggesting that, if possible, the anatomist of the Army Medical Museum, Dr. J. L. Wort man.
should be sent out furnished with means for preserving these bones as las! as they were excavated,
and carefully collecting and forwarding I hem to the Army Medical Museum for study.

In accordance with these suggestions Dr. Wortman wentont in November, 1887, taking with
him a supply of silicate of soda, glue, parallin, and other materials for saturating and preserving
the bones \vhich should be discovered, and remained with the expedition, visiting several other
'"•alities, until June, 1888, when lie returned to \Vashington.

141

637

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142 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The specimens of human bones thus obtained were carefully packed and forwarded to the
Army Medical Museum, and after having been repaired and put in the best possible form, were
examined and measured by Dr. Matthews, and his report of the results is herewith presented by
authority of the Surgeon-General.

JOHN S. BILLINGS,
Surgeon, U. 8. Army, Curator Army Medical Museum.

INTRODUCTION.

When we began the study of the bones described in this work we had reason to hope that a
full general account of the expedition on which they were discovered, with its archaeological labors
and achievements, would be published simultaneously with, or in advance of, this report; in which
case we should have embodied in this essay the results of our antliropometric studies only. But
the continued illness of the director of the expedition, Mr. Frank Hamilton Gushing, has caused
the indefinite postponement of the preparation of a general report, and we consequently have
considered it advisable to present here a short introduction, setting forth the inception, objects,
and results of that scholarly enterprise, short-lived, but fruitful in its results, which was known as
the Hemenway Southwestern Archaeological Expedition.

Along the great cordillera of the American Continent on both sides of the equator, through
75° of latitude, from Wyoming to Chile, extends a land abounding in ancient ruins.

A large part of this land of ruins lies within fche boundaries of the United States. It contains
the Territory of Arizona, most of Utah, more than half of New Mexico, extensive parts of the
States of Colorado and Nevada, with small portions of Texas, and, perhaps, of California. Its
precise boundaries are not known, for on its outskirts there is much wild and imperfectly explored
country where the existence of ruins can neither be affirmed nor denied. Its approximate
boundaries are: On the east, longitude 28° west (from Washington) ; on the west, longitude 38°
west; on the north, latitude 41° north, and on the south the northern boundary of the republic of
Mexico, 31.20° to 32° N. L. It covers about 400,000 square miles.

The great rivers which drain it into the ocean are the Colorado on the west and the Rio
Grande on the east; the former flowing toward the Pacific, the latter toward the Atlantic. But
much of the rain which falls on its surface does not reach the ocean; some is received in salty
lakes which have no outlets; some goes to form streams which reach the great rivers only in
seasons of abundant rain, but which at other times after a brief course are absorbed by desert
sands. It is an arid region, but not an absolute desert such as Gobi and Sahara. There is no
part of it where rain does not fall some time during every year; but it is on the high mountains
only that it descends abundantly; on the lower levels the precipitation of moisture is scanty, the
dry seasons are long, and irrigation is essential to success in agriculture.

It has long been known that there were ruins in this arid region of the southwest. The
earliest travelers, beginning with the Spanish conquerors of A. D. 1540, make mention of them,
and their existence is noted in the reports of various military expeditions and public surveys
which have entered this region since it was acquired by the United States from Mexico in 1848.
The ruins have been known to the world for three centuries and a half; they have been in the
possession of the United States for over forty years, yet it is only within the past four years (since
April, 1887) that any attempt at systematic excavation has been made among them. In many of
the better preserved ruins those portions which remained above the ground had been sketched,
lithographed, photographed, engraved, surveyed, measured, modeled, and described, but the
surface of the grourd around and within them had not been broken. This method of examining
them remained for the Hemenway Expedition to initiate.

The reasons for this tardiness on the part of our archaeologists are numerous. This land of
ruins was until recently wild, barren, and difficult of access; it was held largely by tribes of
hostile Indians who to this day are not perfectly subdued. It is only within the last decade that

MKMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

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it lias been crossed by railroads. Explorations within its borders were attended with many
physical difficulties. The parties of topographical surveyors who entered the country had very
short seasons in which to work, and they had neither the time nor means, had they had the
inclination, to make the needed excavations. But besides physical hindrances there were others
equally potent. The importance of excavation to the proper understanding of the archaeology of
tliis region was not appreciated; surface finds were numerous and interesting, and it was thought
that excavation could yield nothing further. The majority of antiquarians in America were more
deeply interested, as they still are, in the exploration of the old world than in that of the new.
Money which was readily forthcoming for the one was withheld from the other by patrons of
science in America.

The few explorers who were interested in work within our own borders found sufficient field
for their labors and speculations in the mounds and kitchen-middens of the Eastern States. It
was at length, through the unsatisfied curiosity of the ethnographer, not through the zeal of the
archaeologist, that the systematic exploration of the Western ruins was begun.

The region in question abounds in finely stratified sandstone, which with little labor may be
prepared for building, and most of the ruins so far discovered are the remains of houses built of
such stones. These may be found in all stages of decay — in some cases the walls are still stand
ing many stories high, as in the valley of the Chaco; in other cases the sites are marked only by
low heaps of lichen-covered stones, indistinguishable, save to the trained scientific eye, from
natural accumulations of rocky debris with which the country abounds. Some of these ruins were

FIG. 2. The Casa Grande of the G-ila.

inhabited by Indians within the brief historic period of New Mexico and Arizona, which extends
over less than four centuries, but the vast majority are prehistoric. A number of the ruins are
those of houses whose walls were of clay (adobe and a variety of pise). Some of these in the valley
of the Eio Grande were built since the Spanish occupation of the country and many have been
erected under civilized guidance, but others, particularly those in the valley of the Colorado, are
undoubtedly of prehistoric and aboriginal origin. As might be expected the earthen walls are in
many cases reduced to the common level of the ground and are to be traced only, as in the ruined
cities of the Salado, by digging beneath the surface of the earth ; yet one of the best preserved
and most imposing of the prehistoric ruins within our borders, the Casa Grande of the Gila
(Fig. 2), is built of clay. This ruin was long supposed to be the remains of a structure without
counterpart within the boundaries of the United States; but, as will hereafter be shown, it is now
known to be but one of many such buildings which once towered over the wide Hood-plains of the
Gila and its tributaries.

In studying the folklore and religious practices of the people of Zuiii during his residence of
about five years in their pueblo, Mr. Gushing found himself confronted by many perplexing ques
tions for which no satisfactory explanation could then be found ; but lie was led to believe from

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145

the traditions of this people that some key to the problems might be discovered by exploring ruins
far to the southwest of the Zuiii villages, where the people of Zufii averred their ancestors once
dwelled. We can not enter into a detailed account of these perplexing questions, nor can we relate
how or why the explorer considers that he has solved them. It must be left for him to explain
these matters fully at some future time.

EXPLORATIONS IN THE SALADO VALLEY.

It was not until the year 1S8G that he found the pecuniary means to conduct the desired
explorations, these being amply supplied by Mrs. Mary EEemenway, of Boston. Mr. Gushing set
out with a party of assistants, to which others were afterwards added, and, in February, 1887,
arrived in the neighborhood of the town of Tempe, in the valley of the Salado or Salt River, a
tributary of the Gila, in the Territory of Arizona. Here he began by excavating some stone ruins
on the rocky uplands, without any extraordinary results, While thus engaged his attention was
attracted to certain earthen mounds situated on the level flood-plain of the Salado, and in particular
to one of large size about 8 or 9 miles by road from Tempo. He proceeded to examine this mound
and its vicinity.

SALT RIVER VALLEY.
ARIZONA

Flu. 3. — Map showing a part of tho Salt Kiver Valley, Maricopa County, Arizona, with modern towns, < anuls, and locutions of oucicnt cities.

This mound seemed at first to be little more than a rude pile of earth. It had an irregular
rectangular form, and had some appearance of being terraced. The surrounding level plain, cov
ered with an abundant growth of that leguminous shrub or small tree, the mesquite (/'n>.so/;i'.v
jitlijlora D, C.), which is so common in the arid lands along our southwestern borders, piesented
to the untrained eye no remains of human habitation; but from fragments of pottery and other
objects strewn over the ground, the explorer was led to believe that something of importance was
hidden under the surface. He caused a trench to be dug and soon brought to light the founda
tions of earthen walls. Without delay he established his camp at this place and pursued his
excavations with energy. The result was the discovery of an extensive collection of habitations — a
city it might be called — some 0 miles in length and from half a mile to a mile in width. The mound
proved to be the di'brix of a great earthen house, of many stories and many chambers and analo
gous in structure to tho still standing Casa (irande before referred to, which is distant from the
mound to the southeast less than 35 miles in a direct line. In the course of excavation at this
place so many skeletons were found under tin- doors of the houses that Mr. Gushing devised for it
the Spanish name of Pueblo de los Muertos, or, briefly, Los Muertos, the town of the dead; and
this name was retained for it, although he subsequently found other ruined cities in the vicinity
where skeletons were as common as here.
S. Mis. Hiit 10

146 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Work was continued in the valley of the Salado or Salt River until June 1888, a period of
about sixteen months. During this time, besides isolated ruins and small groups of ruins, the
party discovered the remains of six other large cities within a distance of about 10 miles from that
first discovered. Of these, three were named : First, Las Acequias from the number, size, and
distinct appearance in its vicinity of the old acequias or irrigating ditches through which the
departed inhabitants conducted water to their fields; second, Los Hornos or The Ovens, from the
number of earthen ovens found there, and third, Los Guanacos, because in it were found small
terra-cotta images of animals thought to resemble the guanaco of South America. In these ruined
cities the remains of other buildings like the Casa Grande were found.

HOUSES.

The houses in these cities were of four kinds, designated by Mr. Gushing as follows: 1, priest
temples; (2) sun temples; (3) communal dwellings and (4) ultra- mural houses.

The priest temples. — These were the most conspicuous buildings in the ancient cities. As a
rule there was only one to each city, and this was centrally located ; but in one of the cities
observed there were seven such buildings, the largest of which was centrally located. The reasons
for this peculiar distribution, Mr. Cushiiig believes, are explained by Zufii folklore and modern
Zufii customs. The ruins gave evidence that the buildings, when standing, were many stories
high — from four to seven stories it is estimated The Casa Grande on the Gila is said to show
traces of five floors in that portion of its walls which still remain, and it is probable that one or two
stories have fallen. Each building was surrounded by a high rectangular wall from 5 to 10 feet
thick. A portion of this wall remains, and, being filled with the debris of the fallen building
within, lends to the mound-like ruin that terraced appearance before alluded to. The lower story
in each building was divided into six apartments, four great and two lesser. These apartments,
the explorer believes, were used as store rooms for the priestly tithes in maize, etc. The other stories
are supposed to have been used for priestly residences and for sacerdotal purposes. The entire
building is thought to have served, not only as a storehouse and temple, but as a fortress in times
of danger. Besides these in Arizona, there are great houses of similar construction in Souora and
Chihuahua, in northern Mexico.

The manner in which these buildings were constructed is perhaps peculiar. They might be
regarded as great mud-covered baskets. For the thicker walls two rows of posts were erected
and secured, one post to another, in different directions, by means of smaller sticks firmly lashed
to them. The framework thus constructed was wattled with reeds, so as to form two upright
hurdles braced together. The space between these was filled with well-packed mud, and the hur
dles were thickly plastered within and without with the same substance. The thickness of the
wall depended on the distance between the hurdles. For the thinnest walls, the internal parti
tions, but one hurdle was erected, and this was plastered on both sides. These structures of wood
and reed no longer remained when the excavations were made, but the cavities found in the walls
gave evidence of their former existence.

Hun temples. — The buildings which Mr. Gushing designates by this name, though not as lofty as
tht! priest temples, covered a greater superficial area. The smallest measured was 50 feet in width
by nearly 100 feet in length. One was discovered whose dimensions were about 150 feet in width
by over 200 feet in length. Like the priest-temples they were built of earth on a great basket
form or frame of hurdles; but the basket form instead of being rectangular was elliptical in shape.
There is evidence that this frame of hurdles gradually tapered toward the top, and that the
structure was roofed in with a dome made of a spirally contracting coil of reeds, resembling the
coil baskets now so commonly made by the various tribes of the southwest. This spiral coil, as
well as the rest of the frame, was heavily covered outside with mud, so that the structure when
finished must have appeared, as Mr. Gushing expresses it, like an unburned, inverted and elon
gated terra-cotta bowl. The floor was elevated at its edges so as to form a sort of amphitheater
and in the center was a hearth. It is thought that in these buildings the public rites of esoteric
societies were performed as well as the sun drama and other ceremonies. The sun temples were
usually in close proximity to the priest temples, and their ruins presented the appearance of low
oval mounds depressed in the center.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147

Communal houses. — The great structures thus designated were the principal dwelling places.
They were built of mud without the central frame of hurdles on which the walls of the temples
were raised. They contained many rooms on the ground floor, and, as there is evidence that they
were sometimes more than one story high, it is not improbable that they resembled much the
modern terraced pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona. They were too large for the dwellings of
single families, and for this and other reasons they are thought to have been each the home of a
separate gens, clan, or some other large subtribal division. Each was surrounded by a separate
high earthen wall and generally by a separate canal or acequia, although, in a few instances, two
or more communal dwellings were included in the same encircling canal. Each had its single
appropriate water reservoir with a branch canal leading into it, its one separate pyral mound or
place of cremation, and its one great underground oven for the preparation of food. In Los
Muertos at least fifty of these great buildings were wholly or partially unearthed, and it is likely
that many more remained unrevealed beneath the surface of the ground.

Ultra-mund houses. — These were small, low huts, not rectangular in form, made of sticks,
reeds, and similar perishable material, lightly coated with mud, and they probably resembled
much the modern jnkal or hut of the lower classes in many parts of Mexico, or the houses of the
present Pima Indians of the Gila Valley. Mr. Cushiug calls them ultra-mural or ultra-urban
because they were situated outside the limits of the towns of earthen houses and not mingled
with them; they formed separate groups. He conjectures that they may have been residences of
an outcast population such as exists at Zufii to-day. As each contained a central fireplace it is
evident that they were occupied in winter as well as in summer, and were, therefore, not like
certain houses scattered through the fields of the modern Zufiis, used only as temporary shelter
for laborers while the crops are growing. These ultra-mural dwellings were very numerous; in
one place constituting, of themselves, a town of considerable size, which contained a sun temple
but no priest temple. In estimating the age and character of some, at least, of these houses, it
must not be forgotten that as late as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we have records
of the existence of Pima villages in the lower part of the Salt lliver Valley. I make this state
ment on the authority of Mr. Bandolier.

AGRICULTURE AND WATER SUPPLY.

When these ruins were inhabited cities, the land in which they lie was, as it now is, an arid
region, where agriculture could not be conducted without irrigation. The works constructed by
the ancient inhabitants to establish irrigation are as noteworthy monuments to their industry and
intelligence as are their stupendous buildings. The explorers have traced in this particular realm
in the Salado Valley, they estimate, over 150 miles of the larger canals — the mother acequias or
cm-quids madres, as the Spanish-Americans call them. Their remains have been found at dist ances
of 12 and 15 miles from the present bed of the river, and there is no evidence that the river has
materially changed its course since the days of the ancient inhabitants. The miles of smaller
acequias could not be estimated.

The larger canals varied in width from 10 to 30 feet and in depth from 3 to 12 feet. Their
banks were terraced in such form as to secure always a uniform central current in the canal when
the rains ceased in the mountains and the waters diminished. It is thought that this device was
to facilitate navigation, and that the canals were used not only for irrigation, but for the trans
portation of the produce of the fields and of the great timbers from the mountains which the people
must have needed in the construction of their tall temples and other houses.

In various parts of our arid region the old Indian canals may be still easily traced where they are
cut through hard soil or where they are so exposed and situated, with regard to the prevailing
winds, that the sand is blown out of them rather than drifted into them. There are places in
Arizona where the American settlers utilize old canal beds for wagon roads. But in most cases
the canals have been filled with sand and clay to the level of the surrounding soil and, to the
ordinary observer, no vestige of them remains. Yet Mr. Gushing, guided by his knowledge of a
custom which exists among the Zuni Indians, was able to trace the course of these obliterated
channels. These Indians, he relates, have observed that wherever there is running water there
are rounded pebbles and boulders; reasoning, a^ man is so apt to do, inversely to the natural order

148 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of causation, they suppose not that the waters shape and deposit the pebbles, but that the pebbles
control and direct the flow of the waters. For this reason they place such stones on the margins
of their artificial water courses to hasten and direct the current. The presence of these pebbles
disposed in lines, at the surface of the ground, caused the explorer to surmise that they marked
the sites of irrigating ditches, and excavation proved the surmise to be correct. Pebbles which
had once been used as implements and become worn out or broken in service were those most
usually employed for this purpose.

Within the past twenty years, since the wild Indians of western Arizona have been subdued
and order has been established within that region, the locality in which Los Muertos and its
neighboring cities lay has been again restored to cultivation — this time by the white race, who
utilize, through new channels, the waters of the same Salt River that fed the fields of the departed
races. The canals of the moderns follow straight lines; those of the ancients were tortuous; but
the ancient people used the water to greater advantage than their successors and covered with
their system a wider territory. In the old canals the fall was about 1 foot to the mile, in the new
it is 2 feet to the mile. The ancients constructed great reservoirs to store the excess of water
when the river was high; the present occupants have no such works. Since this region has
been reclaimed it has proved one of the most fruitful within the boundaries of the United States
and is adapted to a wide range of vegetation, temperate and tropical.

In one place, near the present Mormon settlement of Mesa City, about 10 miles from the
ruins of Los Muertos, the canal was dug through a hard, rocky layer. The Mormon community
made use of the prehistoric cut when constructing their own irrigating ditch. I have heard on
good authority that the Mormons estimate the labor thus saved to them at $20,000. Who will
calculate the equivalent of this in human hands and days of work during the age of stone and
when man was his own beast of burthen ?

In addition to the river irrigation the ancient Saladoans had a system of rain-water irrigation.
In the woodless mountains immediately surrounding their homes, the Superstition Mountains, the
Estrellas Mountains, etc., brief but heavy rains sometimes fall, which flow at once into the plain,
causing heavy floods and doing more damage than benefit to the crops. In these mountains there
are neither springs nor constant water courses and only a desert flora. The heights which give
birth to the Salado and the Gila are farther away and of much greater altitude. To conserve the
waters of these sudden rains in the neighboring hills the people built dams in the ravines and
large reservoirs in suitable places in and near the neighboring foothills. From these reservoirs
the waters were, when needed, allowed to flow gradually over the fields. This may be regarded as
evidence that the waters of the rivers, abundant though they were, were not sufficient for the needs
of the population.

BURIALS.

The bodies of the .dead were buried both with and without previous cremation. Those buried
without cremation were always buried in the houses, either under the ground floors or in the
walls. The cremated remains were interred outside of the houses.

The wall or mural burials were found mostly in the priest temples, in what remained of the
first and second stories ; a few were discovered in the communal dwellings. The body in such a
burial was inclosed in an adobe case, and a niche was cut in the wall for its reception, which was
afterwards filled and plastered over with mud, so as to leave no external evidence of the burial.

The burials under the floors were confined to the communal dwellings. The graves were
constructed with different degrees of care; the more perfect being rectangular holes carefully
plastered on the sides with mud and sealed over with the same material. The dead were usually
placed with their heads to the east and slightly raised or pillowed so that the faces were turned
toward the west. The hands were laid at the sides or over the breast. The lower extremities were
placed as we place those of our dead except in one instance, that of an adolescent female who was
supposed to have been sacrificed to the gods to avert earthquake. She was buried with the limbs
abducted.

In a few instances in the communal dwellings the body was buried partly under the floor and
jpartly in the wall. This was supposed to be for the purpose of economizing space. The trunk,

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149

in a supine position was buried close to the wall; the lower limbs, elevated at right angles to the
trunk, were placed in a niche in the wall which was then filled up with mud.

A inong those buried under the floors, many were children, and these were found always buried
near the kitchen hearths. This is a custom which is found to have prevailed in other parts of the
world and is variously accounted for. Mr. Cushing's explanation derived from Zuiii folklore and
belief is this: "The matriarchal grandmother or matron of the household deities is the fire. It is
considered the guardian as it is also, being used for cooking, the principal 'source of life' of the
family. The little children, being considered unable to care for themselves, were, placed, literally,
under the protection of the family fire that their soul-life might be nourished, sustained, and
increased."

- «>«»»»• ,*4M

' .f '. TT; \- • " • ."

^IH

Flo. 4. — Pyral cemetery, unearthed.

Within both the underground and wall sepnlchers were found deposited various household
utensils, articles of personal adornment and others of a sacerdotal character. In the mural burials
of the temples the articles of sacerdotal use were particularly numerous and elaborate. This is
one of the many reasons Mr. Gushing has for believing that those buried without cremation were
of a sacerdotal and higher class of the community, while those who were crema! ed \vero of a lower
class, and laymen. The pottery buried with the adults in the graves, was left whole and not
broken or " killed" in the manner to be described when speaking of burials after cremation; that
buried in graves with children was, however usually "killed" or broken. The sacred parapher-
nalia referred to were so similar to those used in Zufd to-day that Mr. Gushing "was often able,
through the knowledge of the, '/Aim priesthoods to identify the medicine or priestly rank of the
silent occupant of a sepulcher."

The great majority of the dead were cremated. Each communal dwelling had in close prox
imity to it, its own pyral mound and, situated at the base of the latter, a collection of earthen
vessels containing the remains of the dead— a pyral cemetery (Fig. 4). The mounds consisted of
ashes, cinders, and fragments of charred and broken mortuary sacrifices; they were from 00 to
100 feet in diameter, from ."> to '.» feet high and showed evidence of having had from :_' to (i locations
for pyres in each. That each pyral mound was appropriate to its neighboring communal house

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was inferred from the correspondence of certain special marks and designs on the pottery in the
pyral cemetery with designs found on pottery in the graves of the contiguous dwellings.

The burnt bones and charred remains of some of the more valued articles of personal property
were placed in pots of suitable size, which were covered by inverted bowls or broken pieces of
pottery and surrounded by other articles of pottery buried as presents to the dead. These mortu
ary gifts were broken or drilled before burial, probably in order that the souls they were thoiight
to possess might escape and accompany the dead to the spirit land. The custom of breaking the
pottery sacrificed with the dead is called by the people of modern Zuni " killing " the vessels, and
is still practiced among them.

It is believed that those of the priestly race were not cremated because they had the power to
release their own souls from their bodies while the laity, having no such power, had to have their
bodies burned to effect the desired release. Whatever may have been the creed that thus pre
served some bodies for simple interment, anthropology owes it gratitude, for without it the
unique skeletons of this archaic race would not have been preserved for modern study and com
parison. It is thought, too, that the pots buried with the uucremated adults were not broken or
"killed " because the priests knew how to release the souls of the pots and take them with them
to the undiscovered country, while to the laity such knowledge was denied.

Fia. 5.— Double burial.

Double burials were found both with the cremated and the uucremated remains; but were much

•

more common with the latter than with the former. When two skeletons were discovered in one
grave or incinerary vessel they were invariably adult, and, win-never the sex could be deter
mined, one was always found to be a male and the other a female — presumably man and wife. This
might be thought to indicate that the wife had been sacrificed at the death of the husband; but
in the house-graves there was often evidence that the interments were not simultaneous, the
upper grave not being dug exactly over the lower and thcbodies having been apparently wrapped
in different cerements. It was a rare thing to find three, buried in one grave. Fig. 5 shows a
double burial, male and female, in which the interments, and probably the deaths, were simul
taneous.

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ARTS.

151

Nearly all the implements and tools discovered were of stone, but of beautiful finish and great
variety of form. No metal tools, whatever, were found. The only articles of metal were little rude
copper bells.

Fio. 6. -Small water-jar, found In hearth sepulchor, buried with child, in T,os Muertos.

A copper bell consisted of a plate of the metal wrought into leaflets. These leaflets were
brought together at the apices so as to form a hollow ball with meridional openings. In this ball
a pebble was imprisoned for a clapper. The handle, or stem, was soldered on in a manner which

I i., 7 -Sniiill wiiicr-hir, found traded -with child In honso scpnlcher, southern portion of Ilalonawnii, ancirnt filmla.

indicated a knowledge of a soldering material and the use of the blowpipe; and indications are
not wanting that the bells were not introduced from a distance by trade, but were manufactured
where found.

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Pottery was found iu great abundance in the house graves, in the pyral cemeteries, and on
the floors of the houses, where it seemed to have been abandoned, as if the dwellings were sud
denly deserted. It consisted of food vessels and water vessels iu a great variety of shapes and
sizes, aud of well-executed images of animals of the chase which once inhabited the surrounding

FIG. 8.— Ancient Cibola eating bowl, showing "exit trail of life."

country. The vessels were decorated in a manner closely resembling those of the modern Pueblos
of New Mexico and Arizona, especially those of the Zuiii and Moqui (see Figs. 0, 7, 8, !), and 10).
The more commonly employed symbolic decorations were alike in all.

FIG. 9.— Modern Zuiii food bowl, showing
"exit trail of life."

]fvi. 10 — Modern Zuui water vessel, showing
"exit trail of life."

One of these, worthy of especial note, is what the Zuuis call the exit trail of life. It is found
inside of food vessels and outside of water vessels; it consists of au opening or hiatus in the single
or double encircling paint bands near the margin of the vessel, as shown at a in Figs. 8, 9, 10. It
is a symbol based on the idea before alluded to of vessels having souls.*

'See Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, p. 510.

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153

Another decoration, shown in Figs. 11, 12, 13, may here be mentioned. It is undoubtedly an
animal figure which in textiles and basketry has been necessarily conventionalized into a figure

Flu. 11. — Ornamental zone ou water jar from Los Muertoa.

bounded by straight lines, and from the woven forms transferred, more or less modified, in paint
to the pottery. It is common on both the ancient and modern pottery of our southwestern laud
of ruins, and is frequently seen in the cloths of ancient Peru. (See Fig. 14.)

FIG. 12. — Symbolic decoration in white-bordered black, adapted from oruameutal zone on water
jar of red slip ware from Los Aluertos.

The articles of personal adornment which remain are principally of shell and consist of rings,
bracelets, pendants, et«. Some of these were ornamented with geometrical designs and inlaid

Flo. 13 — Medium sized eating bowl of red slip ware, with white-bordered black paint i
llolonawuu, one of the ancient seven cities of C'ibola.

dion. From

with turquois and other precious or semiprecious stones. Sea shells carved in the form of a frog
were common and one or two of these frog images were beautifully inlaid with tnrqiiois ami oilier

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stones of brilliant color. The inlaying was accomplished by coating the shell with some black
vegetable gum (supposed to be that of greasewood) which hardened on drying; the gems were
stack into this coating and, when the latter became hard, the whole was rubbed down to a smooth
surface. An accurate chromo-lithographic illustration of one of these artistic objects has appeared
in Gems and Precious Stones of North America, by George Frederick Kunz, New York, 1890.

Everything susceptible of decay in these ruins had disappeared; hence, with two or three
trifling exceptions of charred and defaced articles, nothing was left of their woven stuffs, their
basketry, their woodwork, or the featherwork. But that they wove cloth, wrought baskets and
made useful and ornamental objects iu various perishable materials, we have abundance of col
lateral evidence.

During the first fifteen months of the work of the expedition from 17,000 to 20,000 specimens
of various kinds were collected, and many fragments rejected. But the collection would have been
far richer were it not for the wanton destruction of much material by visitors. Sometimes when

Fig. 14.— Mummy from cemetery at Ancon, Peru.

a pyral cemetery or the floor of a large dwelling had been unearthed, and all the articles discovered
laid in their original positions to be photographed, a party of sightseers would appear and, either
in the absence of the workmen or in spite of their remonstrances when present, trample the objects
under foot or deliberately kick the pottery to pieces to " see what was inside. " In the earlier
days of the work many fine skeletons were lost in this way. Some persons even appropriated
handsome objects and carried them away, maintaining that, as these things were found on public
laud, all had an equal right to them.

POPULATION.

What was the population which in ancient days subsisted on the crops watered by the Salado
or Salt River and the stored rains of the neighboring mountains! What was the population of
the old Salado settlement! Opinion is divided on this subject, and will probably long continue to
be divided. Some who have had the best opportunities of observing the ancient works and
studying the problem estimate the population at from 80,000 to 100,000 souls. Los Muertos, it is
calculated, covered an area of over 2 square miles and contained about 13,000 inhabitants. There
were six other groups of buildings in the region as large or larger than this, and there are indica
tions that they were simultaneously occupied. If.it could be shown that they were not occupied
at the same time, a much lower estimate of the population would have to be made. As the land is

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155

now becoming rapidly filled with white settlers, and the ancient town sites are being covered with
(arms and crossed with irrigating ditches, all antiquarian problems become more difficult of solu
tion every day.

ANTIQUITY.

In 1539, when Friar Marcos made his journey to Zufii, and when, a year later, Coronado
marched with an army to the same point, they passed within about 100 miles of these towns. Had
they been inhabited in those days, the travelers would doubtless have heard of them, for the fame
of the less significant Seven Cities of Cibola reached them in the heart of Mexico and induced
them to travel 200 miles further northeast than the mouth of the Salado. They were ruins, no
doubt, three hundred and fifty years ago, or at the beginning of the historic period of Arizona.
No vestige of anything belonging to the iron age or of-European origin was brought to light in
the excavation. The writer knows of other ruins in New Mexico and Arizona which, from recorded

-

:?-J:\:-^-^'-.j . -,|s|

• ':>'•: '•.- '••-' • . ' ^ " '•'•.•/. y?-- /v-\"-^:';'-^'-M-----l':

FIG. 15.— Skeleton of man supposed to have been killed by earthquake.

evidence, are known to have fallen to decay and been abandoned long before the historic period;
\ct in these textile fabrics and other perishable articles are still found fairly preserved, and par
ticularly the hair of the dead has survived the process of decay. In Los Muertos were found no
hair, no cerements, nothing that might have escaped destruction in a thousand years. It is
thought by Mr.Cushingthatfroinonethousandtotwo thousand years may easily have elapsed since,
the priests of Los Muertos worshiped in its standing temples. TheCasa (Irandeof the (iila was a
ruin standing in the sixteenth century probably much as it stands today; three and a half centuries
have wrought little change in it ; but the similar priest-temples of the neighboring Salt River are
mere mounds of earth. The writer has seen two photographs of the Casa Grande of the (Mia taken
from the same point of view, one twenty years after the other; yet in the pictures no difference
can be discerned in the most minute points and prominences of the ruin, which were subject only
to the modifying influences of rain and wind, though the parts within the easy reach of human
hands have sull'ered notably.

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It must be remembered that earthquake may have hastened the fall of the Salado temples.
The explorers have found many indications that these cities were abandoned on account of earth
quake, and Zuiii myth and tradition point to former migrations of the people induced by seismic
disturbances. One skeleton in Los Muertos was found lying on its face, evidently of a person
never formally buried, and apparently crushed by falling walls.* (See Fig. 15.)

FIG. 1G. — Outline drawing, full size, of terra cotta image ol':;iiiiu;il, 8nj>j>ose:l to \n-, allied to tlio vicuna.

It has been indicated in the previous pages that an intimate relationship in arts, civilization,
religion, etc., has been found to exist between the ancient Saladoans and the ancient sedentary
people of Arizona and New Mexico in general, as well as the still extant sedentary tribes of this
region. A relationship, less intimate perhaps, may be shown to exist between them and the

FIG. 17. — Rock inscription thought to repi vst-ni \ ini.i.i-hkc iiiiimula and man throwing bolas.

ancient house-building tribes of old Mexico and Central America. There are many facts, too,
which point to a close connection between the Saladoans and the ancient Peruvians — a connec
tion more close perhaps than that between the former and many races who lived nearer to them,
geographically, than the Peruvians. Environment may have had its influence on this affinity, for

* Since the above was written it has become apparent that we may attribute the sudden destruction of these
earthen buildings to floods as reasonably as to earthquakes. In the spring of 1891 this region was visited by a great
Hood, which covered much of the Salt River flood-plain and ruined many of the adobe houses of the white settlers.

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157

the conditions surrounding human life, in Pern are more like those of Arizona than those of trop
ical Mexico and Central America. The following are some of the indications of a special relation
ship between the ancient Peruvians and the ancient Arizonians:

1. In the ruins of some of the ultra-mural houses there were unearthed lerra-cotta images of
a quadruped which can not be identified as resembling any animal of the present North American
fauna, while all other effigies found are easily identified. Unfortunately I am able to present only
an outline drawing of one of these (Fig. 16.) Zoologists who have seen the original terra-cottas
are of the opinion that it represents a creature allied to the South American ciimeUidic (llama
vicuna, guanaco, etc.). In various parts of the Southwest there are petrographs which are thought
to represent the same animal. Some of these petrographs are located at considerable distances
from Los Muertos, as, for instance, those in the Puerco Valley, some 250 miles away.

Fia. 18. — Rock inscription representing, it is supposed, vicmm like animals ;unl bola-thro\viM-. l

ilccr anil nttit-i- animals.

It has been surmised that such animals continued to be domesticated by the, sedentary Indians
of Arizona and New Mexico down to historic; days and became extinct only when the more service
able European sheep was introduced by the Spaniards. This surmise is based ou certain state
ments found iu the works of early writers and explorers who speak of the Pueblo Indians having
a coarse, cloth, something like woolen cloth, and having small wool-bearing animals domesticated
in their houses. But Prof. Bandolier, who has studied the early documentary evidence relating
to the Southwest more thoroughly, no doubt, than any other living student, discredits the modern
existence of these animals. In a letter to the writer he shows that we have only hearsay testimony
as to their existence and concludes with these words: " If there has ever been a llama, guanaco, or
vicuna, known to the Southwestern Indians, it became extinct long previous to the sixteenth cen
tury." Fossil bones of an animal of this family have been found in the Southwest; but its bones
were not identified in the Salado ruins.

2. In several places among the ruins, on the floors of the houses, near the walls (as if they
had fallen from the latter), were seen peculiar groups of stones, consisting of three globoid and one
ovoid pebble. These, are thought to have been the stones of bolax such as art; now used in South
A nierica to catch wild or half domes! icatcd animals. The buckskin cases and thongs which con
nected the stones are supposed tohave decayed, like all similar material in the ruins. The presence
of these stones would, in itself, be insufficient evidence of the use of bolnx among this people, but

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it is thought that the petrographs afford additional testimony. Where these vicvma-like animals
are delineated on the ancient rock-carvings, they are often associated with the figure of a man
holding in hishaud a peculiar four-branched instrument ; one of the branches is held by its extremity
in the hand, the others are in the air (Figs. 17, 18, and 19). This is thought to depict a herdsman
'or hunter in the act of casting the bolus. The bolas have, as far as can be ascertained, not been
in use in North America south of the Artie circle since the Columbian discovery, although an
implement, analogous in use but dillerent in form, is employed by the Eskimo.

Flo. 19. — Rock inscription of supposed bola-thrower, dancing men, and other objects.

Fig. 20 is a copy of a rock inscription showing a number of these animals associated with a
hunter bearing a bow. Fig. 21, also from a rock carving, represents a supposed bola-thrower in
connection with a flock of turkeys. The turkey is found wild in Arizona and was probably domes
ticated by the ancient inhabitants of the country.

FIG. 'JO. — Kock inscription of yicufia-liko animals and hunter.

3. In sacrificial caves in mountains surrounding the Salado cities, knotted cords have been
found which are much like the quipus used by the ancient Peruvians. Similar knotted cords are
still in use by the people of Zuui and are by them called kispuwe, a name very similar in sound to
the Peruvian.

4. In addition to these indications we must consider the great and closely corresponding
prevalence of the os Incce in the skulls of these two widely separated peoples. This is a subject
discussed more fully in the^somatological part of this work.

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159

EXPLORATIONS NEAR

The expedition left the Salt River Valley in June, 1888, and arrived at Zuni in the following
month. The work was continued in the vicinity of this place under the direction of Mr. dishing
until October 20, 1888, when he left for the East. His physical condition was such that he was
not able to return ; but the work of excavation was continued in his absence until July, 1889, at
which time the expedition was disbanded.

The location of the Seven Cities of Cibola, visited by Coronado in 1541, was long a ques
tion for scientific discussion, and many arguments were advanced in favor of different places;
but the ethnologic researches of Mr. Gushing and the historical investigations of Prof. Ad. F.
Bandolier have settled the question beyond a reasonable doubt. The Seven Cities were situated
in the valley of the Zuni River in the neighborhood of the present pueblo of Zufii, in Valencia
County, N. Mex. The accompanying map (Fig. 22) shows very approximately the location of each.
It was prepared with the assistance of Mr. F. Webb Hodge, of Washington, formerly secretary of
the expedition.

Flo. 21.— Rock inscription, turkeys, supposed uola-tlirower, etc.

We give below a list of the names of the cities in the modern Zuni language, as noted by Mr.
Gushing, and in the old Zuni or Cibola language, as noted by Coronado and other Spanish travel
ers and writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. If we make due allowance for the
difference between a carefully devised modern orthography and a haphazard spelling of three
hundred years ago we need not suppose that the language of Cibola has changed materially during
the intervening time.

NAMES OF THE SEVKN CITIES OF CIBOLA.

Modern. Sh-lirntli mill m n nlt'i'ii/li I

Hawiku .............................. Ahaous, Avicu, Aquico, Jahuicu, Havico.

Kyiiiiawe, HampBMWaB .............. Cun:ibr.

KMi'lmpawc, Kwakina ........................

A |iin.-i. Piiiawan ...................... A<|uins:t.

Iliilnnu. I l:'ilon:i wan .................. Alona.

M;'tts:iki ............................. Mii/.:n|iii. Macaque, Ma^aqnia.

Kyiikima .'. .......................... (!:ii|iiiii:i, Ky:ikima.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
fi.
7.

It was the original intention to explore all the ruins of the Seven Cities; but the illness of the
director and the consequent recall of the expedition prevented the fullillmeiit of this plan. Only
one of the ruins of the seven cities was explored to any extent, namely, the ruin of Ilalona. This
town occupied in part at least the site of the present pueblo of Zuni. The excavations were made

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upon the opposite bank, from Zufii, of that meager and inconstant desert streamlet known as the
Zufii River and in the neighborhood of houses occupied by the present ultra-urban population of
the Zufii tribe.

Explorations were conducted in other ruins in the neighborhood. Some slight digging was
done in those on the top of Inscription Rock; but the most work was accomplished at Ileshota-
iithla, a ruin on the road to Win gate, some 12 miles in a northwesterly direction from Zufii.
Heshota-iithla was in its day a compactly built, many-storied stronghold of stone containing a

s- "*

,

"PART OF NEW MEXICO,

showing location of modern

Jfai? roads.

floods.

JSridle .

Towns inJialited fy whiles.,

Xuins of fndian ftieUos.

InJianpueites or twns, inkaSited

RIMS OF THE SEVEN CITIES or CIBOLA

S OTHER RUINS

FIG. 22. — Zufii towns, ruins of Cibola auti other ruins.

population of probably more than a thousand people. It was not one of the Seven Cities ; but,
according to the traditions (corroborated by archteological investigation) of the Zufii Indians, it
was occupied by their people in a remote antiquity. From this ruin was derived the greater part
of the "Cibola" skeletons described in the second part of the following report.

In preparing this introduction, the writer has had access to some of Mr. Cushing's notes,
especially to the original manuscript of a paper contributed to the Berlin meeting of the Congress
of Americanists in October, 1888, and he has consulted a. pamphlet entitled " The old New World,"
an account of the explorations of the Ilemenway Southwestern Arclni'ological Expedition in

MEMOIltS OF TITB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 161

1887-'S8,by Sylvester Baxter (Salem, 18HS). In addition to all tins lie has liad the advantage of
a personal knowledge of the southwestern country, its antiquities and its people, extending over
a period often years. Helms had an equally long intimate personal acquaintance with the
director of the Ilemenway Expedition. In the autumn of 1887 he had the rare good fortune to
spend about a month with Mr. dishing at Camp Hemenway, in the Salado Valley, while the exca
vations at Los Muertos were being carried on.

He might, therefore, had he so desired, have made of this introduction a more extensive and
pretentious essay. This is intended, however, not as a contribution to American archeology, but
merely for the convenience of the anthropologist who may desire to know something of the people
to the description of whose osseous remains this work is chiefly devoted. The author has intro
duced only some of the more easily explained discoveries of the expedition, and he has made many
statements without setting forth all the facts and arguments on which they are bused. The reader
must take some things for granted until Mr. Cushiug's final report appears. In referring to the
early Spanish writers and travelers the writer has been obliged to omit the proper bibliographical
notes, for the reason that he had not access to their books at the time of writing.

In studying the crania and other bones described in the following pages, and in preparing this
report, I must acknowledge my great indebtedness to the following gentlemen of the staff of the
Army Medical Museum : To Dr. Jacob L. Wortman (who spent many months in the field collecting
and preserving the bones), for assistance in preparing the sections on the teeth and hyoid bone;
to Dr. D. S. Lamb, for assistance in preparing the section on the olecranon perforation; to Mr.
Porter Tracy, for his labor in taking measurements and his help in many other ways, and to Dr. J.
C. McConnell, for preparing the illustrations.

WASHINGTON MATTHEWS,

FOET WINGATE, NEW MEXICO, Surgeon, U. S. Army.

September 1, 1890.
S. Mis. 1G9 11

HUMAN BONES

THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION.

TILE SERIES OF SALADO.

163

HUMAN BONES OF THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION.

PAET I -THE SERIES OF SALADO.

$ 1. CONDITION AND REPAIR OF BONES.

As we have stated in the introduction, the bones when found were in an advanced state of
decay and exceedingly fragile; particularly was this the case at Los Muertos. The organic
remains at Los Ifornos, Los Guauaeos, and Las Acequias were usually in better condition than at
the first-named ruins, owing, probably, to the greater dryriess or other more advantageous quality
in the soil. At Las Acequias they were in the best condition of all. When carefully unearthed
the bones, in situ, in the graves might seem in sound condition, but the slightest manipulation —
a touch of the finger even — would cause them to crumble into dust. The bones of the upper face,
the pelvis, and the epiphyses of the long bones were the most friable. Parts successfully unearthed,
but not immediately conserved, if they escaped the despoiling foot of the mischievous visitor,
would often disintegrate in a day or two from the effects of exposure to sun and wind. After a
period of annoying experiences it became the custom to apply paraffin, shellac, or other preserving
substance to the bones before their removal from the graves, or immediately after.

The skulls were nearly all obtained in a fragmentary condition ; the fragments, carefully packed,
were forwarded to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, and here a number were, with much
labor, put together in such a manner that they might be measured and studied as entire skulls.
The remaining fragments often gave us valuable points for anatomical study. In the work of
restoration we had in many cases to use plaster of Paris to fill gaps or strengthen weak parts.
Where the plaster was used superficially to replace thin scales from the outer table, measurements
were, after due deliberation, sometimes taken from points on the plastered surface; but where the
plaster had been thickly applied, had been used in restoring salient points, or had been employed
to till a gap in both tables of the bone, its presence was considered to preclude measurement. In
a small number of skulls where we had, after restoration, reason to suspect the existence of post
mortem distortion, measurements were not made — not, at least, in the regions affected by the dis
tortion. A great but unavoidable disadvantage in the use of the plaster was that it encroached
on the cranial cavity and thus usually rendered the cubature of the latter impossible.

$ 2. THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE SKULLS.

Ill preparing this report we have kept two objects in view : First, that we might obtain material
for our own study and comparison of this collection; and, second, that we might furnish to other
investigators material for comparative study. In providing for the latter we have taken some
measurements which we have not used as data for subsequent investigations, and we have not
confined ourselves to the methods of any particular school or system.

For purposes of our own research we have employed chiefly the measurements of the French
and English schools of anthropology as formulated in Dr. Paul Topinard's recent work,* because
the literature of anthropology is richest in studies based on these measurements (Appendix A),
and the opportunities for comparison with them is consequently most extensive.

Recognizing the fact that a great number of anthropologists throughout the world have
signified their intention of employing the measurements proposed by certain German anthropolo
gists, formulated in what is known as the Frankfort agreement (Appendix B), and hence,

: Elements d'Anthropologio U&ifralo; Parin, 1885; chap, xxvii.

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anticipating an extended use of this system in the future, we have taken many measurements
according to this Agreement.

Our decisions as to what to adopt and what to discard iu different systems may appear
occasionally somewhat arbitrary; but they have usually been made in accordance with certain
rules which we have been constrained to adopt. We have not undertaken to sit in judgment on
the general relative merits of any system. All the systems extant are the results of more thought
and study than we have been able to devote to the subject of craniometry. We have accepted
that which seemed best suited to the scope of our work and to the character and extent of the
series to be studied. We have also had to take into consideration the limited time at our

disposal.

Any measurement which we believed to be identical or practically the same in different sys
tems we have taken but once and, in taking it, we have followed whichever rule seemed the most
explicit or laid down the most definite landmarks. Thus, in taking such a short dimension as the
interorbital width, where a small error may count for much, we have chosen for our landmark
the definite dacryou as directed by Broca, instead of the less certain "inner border of the orbit,"
which the Frankfort agreement prescribes for us.

On some occasions we have discarded a dimension which had been made, or might be made,
the basis of extensive and valuable study, for the simple reason that we did not regard the given
directions as sufficiently explicit. While they might be clear to the scientist who wrote them, or
to the student who saw him apply them, they were not clear to the reader who had nothing but
the text to guide him. Thus we have taken no vertical measurements from the ophryon, because
no one tells us in what plane the connecting line between the frontal ridges should lie. Two or
more equally short lines between these ridges might, in some skulls, be described at some distance
from one another on the median line. In other words, we might have two ophryons so far apart
as to give materially different facial heights. We thought it better to be silent than to fill our
pages with material which might prove worthless. Had we had unlimited space, time, and assist
ance we might have included such measurements, though not without comment.

Some measurements were forbidden by the character of the skulls. The bistephanic diameter
was put aside because the temporal ridges in this series are indistinct, the indistinctness being
due, possibly, to the general use of boiled vegetable food among the Saladoans and the consequent
limited exercise of the temporal muscles. Moreover, the stephanion lies iu a region especially
liable to be broken, and frequently was broken in the series. We have substituted for this dimen
sion the maximum frontal diameter of Emil Schmidt.* The upper incisors were so often missing
that we neglected dimensions into which they entered. On the other hand, we took measurements
from the metopion, which is a very uncertain guiding point on these skulls in consequence of the
subdued character of the frontal bosses.

We felt a great temptation to present to the reader such opinions concerning all the meas
urements as we formed in the progress of our work, and to give our reasons in each case for
adopting this or abandoning that method; but on mature reflection we felt that this would lead
us beyond the proper scope of our work. In the more important cases, comments on the methods
are given in connection with the discussions of particular dimensions or indices. In some instances
we advanced, far in the work of securing a dimension before we found practical reasons for aban
doning it. In other cases we have taken a measurement on all the skulls of the series and com
piled our tables and indices before we concluded to suppress our results. This we did, for instance,
in the/case of the horizontal and vertical measurements of the orbit.

We have, with some inconsistency, perhaps, adopted dimensions and followed rules of whose
exactness we felt no less uncertain than we felt of some whicli we discarded. Such instances arc,
perhaps, to be classed among our arbitrary decisions. But we can partly atone for our errors, if
such exist, by telling exactly what our own methods were. For instance, we have recorded meas
urements which have the superior border of the meatus auditorins for a guiding point, and we
must confess that we know not where to locate this point with accuracy. The rule for our own

*EMIL SCHMIDT: Catalog rter irn anatomischen Institut der Universitiit Leipzig aufgestellten craniologischen
Saminlung; Archiv fiir Anthropologio, Braunschweig, 1887-'88, p. v.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 167

guidance has been the contour of the processus auditor-ins or tympanic bone. Where this was
complete in its upper portion, as it rarely is in man even in the lower races, we had no trouble in
establishing our point. Where a good vestige of the upper part remained, not too far out of
place, we were contented to take such vestige tor our guide; but where a large segment of the
bone was completely missing we joined the upper horns of the remaining portion by means of a
pencil mark described as directly as possible from one horn to the other on the roof of the meatus
and took the highest point of this arched line for our landmark. In leveling the skull for the
(icnnan horizontal plane and in taking the auricular heights we felt less hesitancy in depending
on this guiding point than in taking vertical arcs. Here it was most doubtful.

Table I is intended not only to answer the purposes of the present investigation, but possibly to
serve as a model for future catalogues which may be issued by the Surgeon-General's Office. It has
been designed with a view of economizing space and making reference easy. The peculiarities of
its plan require little explanation. On the first page of the table and on its duplicate fly-leaf we
have given a condensed description or indication of each measurement, index, or other item suffi
cient, we believe, for ready reference. lu order to get each description within the space of one line
we have rarely used the exact words of the original authors. For the measurement of the German
anthropologists we have been especially compelled to reject the circumlocutions of the Frankfort
agreement in describing guiding marks and have adopted instead the specific terminology of
craniometric science. "Frankfort," in the table, denotes that the preceding rule is to be found,
in substance, in the Frankfort agreement.* "Topinard" denotes that it is to be found in the
work of this author already referred to. The number or letter which follows either of these names
corresponds with that given to the item by the quoted authority; thus "Frankfort 1" refers to
the first measurement of the Frankfort agreement. Feeling that our brief references to rules
might often be insufficient for those who had not at hand copies of the oft-quoted Frankfort agree
ment and of the rules of Topinard, we have supplied these in Appendices A and E of this work.

$ 3. THE PICTURES OF THE SKULLS.

The outline tracings of the skulls shown in plates 1 to 54, inclusive, are reductions to half
size, made by means of a pantograph from orthogonal or geometric drawings.

It seems proper that we should here describe the apparatus and the method in use for the
past five years in the Army Medical Museum,* by which these orthogonal tracings were made,
since both seem to differ in many respects from those in use elsewhere, as far as we may judge
from published descriptions.

Fig. l'.°> represents the complete apparatus in use. It consists of a frame (a, a, a), inside of
which is an open box (b) nearly filled with dry sharp sand (so arranged that it may be raised and
lowered by means of a lever (e), a movable and adjustable mounted pin (d), an ordinary car
penter's or draughtsman's square, and a tracer of peculiar construction, which has been named the
periglyph (e). The frame is surmounted by a movable plate of glass, thinly varnished on both
sides to receive the tracing.

The pcriglyph is shown reduced in Fig. 24. It consists of a standard (a), a base (b) (both
made preferably of vulcanite or hard wood), supported by two padded points (c), and by the sharp
steel style (d), which makes the tracing; vertically above the extreme point of the style is a pin
hole on an adjustable arm (e).

In other laboratories they use diopters, somewhat similar to this instrument in appearance,
with which the outline is drawn by means of a pen or pencil held in hand. It needs but a single

trial to < viuce one that our instrument, with its fixed steel tracer, is vastly more 'reliable and

convenient. Of course the steel point would not trace on plain glass as the pen does; the thin
coat of varnish renders the use of the style practicable.

•VersUiiidiguiif; iiber eiu gemeinsames cniiiioiiii trinches Verfahren ; Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Bd. XV, liruuu-
schwcig, 1884, pp. 1-8. (Sec Appendix B.)

t\V. M.vn iir.ws: Apparatus for tracing orthogonal projections of the skull, in the United States Army Medical
Mu ciini. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. xxi, London, 18SG-'87. pp.42-l~>.

168

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

To ascertain if the pin hole is truly vertical to the apex of the style, we take sight through
the former over the latter on some point ot the object to be depicted under the glass, and wheel
the instrument around — the point acting as the center — 180 degrees. If the pin hole is vertical,
the apex of the style will still cover the point on the object; if it is not vertical, we loosen the
binding screw (/, Fig. 24) and adjust the arm (e).

The frame of our apparatus is 35cra long, 28cm broad, and 43cm high ; but some approximate
size will do as well. The cross pieces which secure the upright supports are not placed at the
top of the frame, but some 12C1" from it. There are two reasons for this: first, that no shadow
may fall on the skull to obscure the vision of the operator, and second, that a horizontal surface
may be afforded to support the mounted needle. The plane of the cross pieces must be perfectly
parallel with that of the plate of glass.

FIG. 23.— Apparatus for orthogonal tracings.

Flo. 24. — The periglyph.

The mounted ueedle (Fig. 23, d) alone is used when the datum plane lies horizontally, as in
outlining the vertex, side, and base of the skull ; but when the plane stands vertically, as in tracing
the anterior and posterior views, the square is also employed to secure the desired adjustment.

For facilitating the adjustment of the skull accurately and readily in any position, and for
maintaining it in position, we have found nothing to excel the sand box. The most elaborate
mechanical contrivance could not, we imagine, answer the purpose better.

In this series, furthermore, the skulls were so fragile that they did not admit of the applica
tion of any crauiphore that would produce the least pressure.

The following is the method of operation : Place the skull on the bed of sand, pressing it down
until it stands firmly. By means of the lever raise the sand box until the skull is nearly or quite
on a level with the slots in which the glass is to fit. Orient the skull in the sand with the aid of
the mounted needle, or the square, as the case may require; put the varnished glass in place; by
means of the periglyph make the desired tracing; take off the glass. If a positive picture is
desired, trace over the scratched drawing on the reversed side of the glass with ink. When the
ink is dry, proceed to make the imprint. Lay unglazed paper on the inked figure and press it
firmly down with one hand to prevent slipping; raise a small portion of the paper with the other
hand; breathe in one spot upon the ink sufficiently to moisten it; replace the paper and rub it

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES/ 169

briskly over the moistened surface with the thumb nail. Treat the entire figure in this way. If
a reverse picture is wanted, which is usually the case when a finished drawing is to be prepared
for engraving, ink the scratched Hue and take the imprint therefrom.

If it is desired to prove the correctness of a positive picture, wash away the ink from which
the imprint has been made, ink the scratched drawing and place it right side up over the positive
on the paper. The two should correspond. lu no instance where we have made this test have we
found the slightest error.

We have used an ordinary black iuk, and have been able to take three good impressions from
one drawing. If it were desirable to take a large number of copies, other inks could be found to
accomplish the purpose.

Dr. Paul Topinard tell us* that with Broca's stereograph the five views of the skull may be
made in an hour. It takes nearly twice that time to do the same with our contrivance, operating
with proper care; but as a partial compensation for this we have a drawing which furnishes many
duplicates.

No special skill or lightness of hand is required with our apparatus; any person possessed of
ordinary intelligence and eyesight can use it successfully at the first trial. It is not complicated ;
it requires no highly skilled workman to construct it; it may be made by any carpenter and its
cost is insignificant.

Even the periglyph may be made by any handy individual with an ordinary pocket knife.
We have two periglyphs, one manufactured of metal by a practical model-maker, the other rudely
whittled out of wood by a medical gentleman connected with the Museum; both are perfectly
accurate, but the latter is the more easily handled and the favorite instrument.

Several outlines may, without confusion, be drawn on the same varnished surface. The
varnish should be of such a character that when dry it becomes crisp and brittle, breaking up in
the course of the stylus — not dragging after the instrument and clogging it. Of many mixtures
tried that known in the trade as Berry Brothers' (Detroit) hard-oil finish, diluted with one-third
turpentine, gave the best results.

In making all but six of these tracings we adjusted the skulls on the German horizontal plane,
or plane of the Frankfort agreement, partly for the reason that with the sand box we could find
this plane more readily than we could find the alveolo-condylean plane. But for purposes of com
parison we sketched the nor/«Y< verticnlis parallel with the alveolo-condylean plane in six speci
mens, the type skull and five which approximated the type. The reduced tracings are shown in
plate 51.

The five views of the type skullt (Pis. 55-59, incl.) were made on the basis of elaborate
orthogonal tracings, the shading being added by the artist from nature. They are natural size.
It is greatly to be regretted that the nasal bones in the type skull were broken, and that we were
obliged to make a plaster restoration. The shape of the nasal aperture is only approximate.

There were but few skulls in this series in which all the points of the German horizontal plane
or any other horizontal plane could be found to coincide with a true horizon, while the sagittal
plane was perfectly vertical to such horizon. The variance was most marked at the upper borders
of the auditory meatuses. In order to approximate uniformity we always aligned our facial
guiding marks, not with the upper margin of the right meatus, but with that of the left, the side
on which the normu latcntHs was taken.

The views of the lower jaws in plates 52, 53, and 54 were taken with the same apparatus
and by the same method as were those of the skulls, and similarly reduced by the pantograph.
When («ich was drawn the plate of glass on which the tracing was made was parallel to the plane
on which the lower margin of the jaw rested at equilibrium.

Areas in the drawings marked with parallel straight lines show where there are holes in the
skulls, neither bone nor plaster being present. Dotted areas indicate plaster restorations — all
such repairs, whether deep or superficial, being thus shown.

"Op. tit., p. 863. tFor debcriptiuu see $ 14.

170 MEMO1KS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

H- SEX.

In twenty -one cases the skulls are accompanied by enough of the remaining bones to let the
sex be stated with considerable confidence. These twenty-one skulls are the following:

Males: Nos. H. 6, H. 7, H. 14, H. 18, H. 19, H. 24, H. 25, H. 26, H. 32, H. 34, H. 41— total, 11.

Females: H. 1, H. 5, H. 8, II. 10, H. 15, H. 21, H. 36, H. 39, II. 45, II. 57— total, 10.

These groups appear to be so scattered through the various ordinations that it cannot with
safety be said that the sexes are distinguished from each other by any metrical characteristics.

Although it is universally attempted to distinguish the sex of, say, four skulls in five, we do
not consider it possible, in the present case at least, to do so; for, firstly, the number of known
sex is so small that it is not possible to say that there is a constant sexual difference in any par
ticular dimensional relation; secondly, there is apparently no constant difi'erence of anatomical
detail, such as prominent processes, "strong marking," or the like. The sex of H. 40, the type
skull, can not be certainly stated, but, very reservedly, of course, we may suggest the probability
of its being female. In this connection it is interesting to note that II. 7 and II. 25, males, also
closely represent the type and closely resemble one another.

§ 5. PATHOLOGY.

Of the Salado collection about 69 sets of bones, representing each a complete individual
skeleton, or the majority of bones of one individual, have come to us; but, as these sets are some
times mixed with bones which do not belong to them, and as there are many miscellaneous bones
in the collection, percentages of pathological formations must in some cases be only approximate.
The collection shows some interesting anomalies, diseases, and injuries.

foramen Ovale

'entof Palatine Bom .
Sct.jPteiyyotdPfticesS.

FIG. 25. — Fragment ot skull, showing s[)heiio-]iterygoi(l foramen.

Anomalies. — The more important anomalies, those supposed to be of anthropological signifi
cance, are discussed more fully elsewhere, under separate headings. Some of those of minor
importance will be considered here. In one case (fragment) the occipital bone showed two small,
smooth, rounded condyloid prominences close to each other at the anterior part of the foramen
magnum. The condyles proper were somewhat broken, but appeared to be smaller than usual,
though normally located.

In one case (II. 21, PI. 21) the foramen magnujn was of unusual size. At least the portion of
its border, the posterior half, which remained, indicated that the foramen was very large. The
basilar portion of the occipital bone was missing.

The spheno-pterygoid foramen, complete or incomplete, was not found in any of the restored
skulls; but in one small fragment a complete foramen was found, where the two processes which
formed its boundaries touched but were not coossified (Fig. 25).

In H. 33 the occipital bone showed behind the right condyle, from which it was separated by
a narrow groove, a small, smooth surface which articulated with a corresponding small, smooth
surface on the atlas, behind the usual kidney-shaped articular surface. In the case of the atlas
also there was an absence of the spinous process and of a small part of the posterior arch on each
side, leaving a gap in the bone. There was no sign of inflammatory action.

MEMOIRS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 171

In several instances the groove on the atlas for the, suboccipital artery and nerve was con
verted into a foramen more or less complete, sometimes on both sides in the same subject. In II.
25 there are very complete foramina on both sides. In a number of cases the vertebral foramen
was subdivided into two openings, and sometimes it was much smaller on one side than on the
other.

Among the vertebra? there were five instances of what might have been congenital union; in
two the occipital bone was united with the atlas; in two others the axis was united with the third
cervical vertebra, and in one, two adjoining dorsal vertebra; were soldered together. The lines of
union in these cases were eveu and smooth and there were no exostotic growths adjacent to sug
gest the existence of inflammation. In one other case of union of the axis and third cervical ver
tebra, more doubtfully of congenital origin, there was partial destruction of the posterior arch of
the axis, apparently due to suppuration.

There were four eases of union of the first and second pieces of the sternum, showing the usual
incompleteness by the small cavity in the articulation. There were also some cases of fissure of
the lower part of the sternum, and the shape of the ossified portion of the ensiform appendix varied
as usual.

One rib was bifurcated anteriorly.

The tibia; and fibula? on both sides in II. 90 exhibited a marked uniform symmetrical anterior
curvature. The index of the right tibia, as shown in Table LXXIV, was 53.03, a very low index,
yet exceeded in this respect by several of the series. The index of the left tibia was not com
puted, as the bone was so split that it was feared the normal dimensions could not be obtained.
These were the only leg bones that showed this curvature to any noteworthy degree. They were
better entitled to the name of saber bones than any in the series. There was no certain sign of
inflammation or degeneration in these bones. The skeleton unfortunately was quite incomplete,
but what remained showed the following lesions: A healed fracture of the outer third of the right
clavicle; small exostoses on the articular surfaces of the condyles of the lower jaw; bony growths
on the sites of many tendinous insertions; a few of the vertebral bodies were very friable and a
large osteophyte bound them together anteriorly. This is the only case which suggested the pos
sibility of rickets, but the symmetry of the curvature disposes one to doubt that tins disease
existed.

Still it is possible that the case comes under the class described by Agnew* as " mild form of
rickets."

Injuries. — There were some specimens showing the healing of fractures, three of the clavicle
and one of the tibia; the latter had healed with marked deformity. Recent fractures could not of
course be recognized because of the general fragmentary character of the bones.

In one case, where unfortunately most of the vertebra' were absent, one of the dorsal vertebrae,
apparently the eleventh, showed the condition somewhat like that seen in cheesy degeneration and
cariesof the vertebral bodies. The body of theboiic was shaped likcatruncated wedge ( riilc infra).
In the same case three ribs, apparently the, sixth, seventh, and eighth, right side, showed poste
riorly from the head to the angle a rough surface with exostotie growths, as if the ribs had formed
the wall of an abscess. There was also an impacted fracture of the neck of the right femur, and
the right ulna and both fibula- showed an uneven surface that might possibly have resulted from
a contusion with consequent inflammation. Altogether I regard the condition as one general injury,
probably from a fall on the right side.

There was one case of fracture of rib with good union and no deformity except a slight over
lapping.

There was one case of anchylosis of astragalus and on «</m, and another of the second
metatarsal and middle cuneiform bones, both probably traumatic.

IHm'iim: — In about one-third of the cases periostea! fringes of new bone were found along the
edges of the bodies, and sometimes of the lamina- of the vertebra-. In view of the Incompleteness
of the individual sets, it is impossible to state with any accuracy the relative frequency with which
the disease occurred in the different regions. Apparently it affected most frequently the lumbar
region, next the dorsal, then the cervii-al, and least of all the sacral. In two cases only there

* AiiNEw: friuciplcH and I'rarlii-r nt Siu-i;i-r.v, Philadelphia, 1X7S; Vol. i, p. 1032.

172 MEMOIES OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

were actual bridges of bone, and these connected adjoining lumbar vertebrae. These exostotic
growths resembled those seen in the bones of individuals who have worked hard and been exposed
to cold and wet, those often found in the bones of the dissecting-room subjects. The condition
may be termed " rheumatoid." It is worthy of observation that the vertebrae were much more
frequently affected than the other bones of the skeleton.

The frequency of this rheumatoid condition in the people represented by these bones may
seem rather surprising in view of the mild character of the climate at the present day, which is
probably similar to what it was in their time; but, granting the existence of this condition, it is
easy to understand its predominance along the spine. The Saladoans were a hard-working
people, whose labor was of such a character as to cause much bending of the back, to make them
perspire freely, and to subject them to sudden changes of temperature while perspiration was
active. In short, they lived in many respects under conditions similar to those of our own labor
ing classes, and we need not wonder that they suffered from similar maladies of the vertebral
column.

There was one case of antero-posterior curvature of the spine in an adult which merits special
description. In the dorsal region a number of adjoining vertebrae had their bodies symmetrically
and bilaterally diminished from behind forwards; they had the shape of a truncated wedge with
its base posterior. No distinct evidence of caries could be discovered, as in Potts disease, but the
friable and injured condition of the bones did not permit us to announce a positive opinion on this
point. The change in shape seemed more probably due to an interstitial absorbtion than to caries.
We should hesitate to say that it was a case of tubercular degeneration; there was no satisfactory
evidence of the existence of such a condition in any bone in the collection. There were many fringes
of new bone along the bodies of the diseased vertebrae, and there was firm coossification of adjoin
ing bones at the left sacro-iliac syuchondrosis. There may be other skeletons in this series which
had similar lesions, but the loss or destruction of some of the vertebrae forbid us to speak with
certainty. We have in the general collection of the Museum a skeleton from Alaska showing a
condition similar to that described, and we will anticipate Part II of this work by saying that we
have another such skeleton in the series of Cibola.

A disease exists in Zuili which Mr. Gushing, freely translating the Zufii name, calls the
" warps." It consists of a gradually increasing, symmetrical, antero-posterior curvature of the
spine, which, when it reaches completion, after years of progress, brings the knees in close proximity
to the chest and renders walking impossible. The patient is obliged to go around on short crutches
and is reduced to a helpless condition, his only useful occupation being the knitting of stockings.
The disease is not accompanied by abscesses or sinuses, and the general health of the afflicted
person is not seriously impaired. It is said that on the first appearance of the malady, if the
patient will permit himself to be tied night and day to a straight board, he may avoid the worst
consequences; but either this is not an infallible remedy or there are some who have not the forti
tude to submit to it, for the writer has seen at least half a dozen sufferers in the pueblo of Zuni,
all adults and mostly males. The connection, if any exists, between this disease and the spinal
curvature of the Saladoans and Cibolans, referred to above, is worthy of investigation.

In several cases the conditions suggested the possibility, but by no means demonstrated the
certainty, of syphilitic disease. Thus in one there was irregular nodular hypertrophy of the shafts
of both tibiae, more especially the right, of the lower part of the right fibula, and of the shafts of
both ulnae, while the sternal ends of the first ribs showed exostotic growths. In some cases there
was hypertrophy of the tibial shafts without any other evidence of disease.

The fragmentary and worn conditions of the skulls interfere with the recognition of disease and
injury. There were, however, abundant evidences of alveolar abscess, more especially in the lower
jaw; and in a few cases the alveolar wall was perforated. In one case the left lower incisor and
part of the alveolus were absent, probably from abscess or injury, but in this situation giving a
very peculiar appearance to the jaw.

In 2 or 3 cases the emiuentia articularis was eroded on one side, and the corresponding condyle
was also largely destroyed. It seemed to be rather the result of atrophy than inflammation.

The lesions of the jaws and teeth are father considered in the section on teeth.

MEMOIBS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 173

$ 6. THE CEPHALIC INDEX.

The most notable feature of this collection of skulls — the feature which at once attracts the
attention of the observer — is the antero-posterior shortening. Excluding those which bear un
doubted evidence of post-mortem distortion, the longest skull (H. 23, Table n) in 48, whose indices
are obtainable has a cephalic index, computed from the measurements prescribed by Eroca, of
only 78.40, which is within the limits of mesaticephaly. There are but 4 skulls which are longer
than sub-brachycephalic, and but 7 which are not truly brachycephalic. The shortest skull has an
index of 97.97. The mean of all the 48 indices is 88.47, which is an extreme grade of brachyce-
phaly — the brachystocephaly of Huxley.

$ 7. OCCIPITAL FLATTENING.

Associated with this shortening of the skull we find more or less depression or absolute flat
tening of the occiput. In the most marked cases we can not doubt that this flattening is artifi
cially, although not necessarily intentionally, produced. Between the very flat occiputs and those
which, though not prominent, are quite rounded there are many degrees of variation and the areas
of the flattening are of various sizes from those that comprise the entire occipital region, and show
definite boundaries to those which might easily escape the attention of the student, or might, dis
associated from the rest of the group, be regarded as normal peculiarities.

The occipital flattening here referred to, must be carefully distinguished from that produced
intentionally by the ancient Peruvians, by the Flatheads of our Northwest coast, and by other
races. In the latter there is an anterior counter-flattening produced by the pressure applied to the
forehead; in the former there is no frontal flattening.

The cause of this flattening of the occiput, whatever it may be, would seem to be the cause,
under modifying circumstances, of the brachycephaly in general, whether absolute flattening
exists or not. Such flattening has been observed among various American races, both extinct and
extant, and is by some attributed to the use of a hard board for the back of the basket, case, or
cradle in which the baby is carried.* There is no doubt in our mind that this is the prime cause
of the flattening and the brachycephaly in the skulls of this series. The variations may depend
on the different degrees of hardness of the skulls or on the character and size of the pad or pillow
used, or on both.

In 46 cases where the occipital depression notably affects the sagittal circumference we have
it variously distributed. This distribution may be broadly divided into three groups. These
are illustrated in Figs. 26, 27, and 28, which consist of superimposed outlines adjusted on the
bregma, the superior margin of the meatus auditorius, and German horizontal plane.

In the first group (A) the depression, whether there is actual flattening or not, is pretty
evenly distributed over the entire posterior portion of the sagittal curve from the opisthion to the
obelion. This may be called total posterior depression. (See Fig. 26.)

In the second group (B) the depression is mostly from the inion to the obelion ; that portion
of the median line below the iiiion seeming to be little affected, this we may designate as depres
sion above the inion. (See Fig. 27.)

In the third group (C) the flattening or depression is mostly above the lambda, the median
line below that point being nearly or quite normal. (See Fig. 28.)

As the outlines of all the skulls which satisfactorily illustrate the sagittal depression have
been used in composing Figs. 26, 27, and 28, it will be seen that the first group is much the most
numerous, there being 14 skulls of this group to 6 of the second and 4 of the third.

* CARR, LUCIEN: Observations on this Crania from the stone graves in Tennessee. Eleventh Annual Report of
the Pcahod.'- Museum of Aivlurology and Ethnology. Cambridge, Mass., 1878, pp. 361-384. SHUFKU>T: A Navajo

Skull. J mil i> !'. \ii:itn my and Physiology , Vol. XX, London, 1885-'86, pp. 426-429. SurKKLDT: A Skull of aXavajo

Child. .Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. Vol. xxi, London, 1886, pp. 66 el m/. Surri-.i.ni : Contributions to
thr ( 'omparat i\ c Ci-:iniolc>^\ oi' t lie. North Anicnr;iii Indians. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Vol. \\i. Lon
don, 18X7, pp. ">'-» <t si'q. MASON, it. T. : Indian ('radios and Head Flattening. Science, Vol. ix, No. 22!l. \c\\
York, June 24, 1897, pp. 617 el «'/.

174

MEMO111S OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

These groups are believed to be not devoid of significance, and will be made the basis of future
comparative study of American races. It has been already found, for instance, that in skulls dug
from American mounds, where occipital flattening is often encountered, that total posterior flatten
ing (Group A) ix much the rarest form. In 68 mound skulls, with sagittal depression, the groups
are distributed as follows : Group A, 7 ; Group B, 51 ; Group C, 10. It may be, too, that our future
studies will compel us to establish another class, in which the depression is below the lambda.

z 6

FIG. 2fl. — Occipital depression. Group A.

Besides these sagittal variations in depression, we have different forms and degrees of lateral
depression, i. e., the depression, instead of having its center on the median line, has it more or less
to one side. This character naturally divides itself into two groups — right and left. Informing
these groups we have depended upon a mere inspection of the skull and not upon measurements,
only a- skull which had an obvious lateral deformity being included in either group.

MEMO1BS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

175

These lateral deformities are not t<> l>e profitably coTisidered under the head of plagiocephaly
as defined by Broca. According to this author a certain depression of the frontal bone on one side
accompanies a depression of the parietal oil the opposite side in the condition to which he applies
this name. While in this collection there are some true plagiocephalic skulls, the majority hav
ing the posterior lateral flattening have not the accompanying frontal flattening. Hence they
have been all first studied together with regard to the posterior flattening only. Of a skull thus

Jfo. 4. 10. 73.27. 29. JO.

Flu. L'7. Urripiijtl (lepruuHiun. Group];.

flattened on the left side we say it has left posterior flattening, although it may have right plag-
iocephaly, and of a skull thus flattened on the right side we say it has right posterior flattening,
although it may have left plagiocephaly. In short we study this deformity first without regard to
plagiocephaiy.

17(5

MEMOIRS OF THE XATIOXAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Out of 28 skulls showing- the lateral posterior depression, 19 are flattened on the left side and
9 on the right. These deformities are illustrated in Figs. 29 and .SO, which represent superimposed
outlines adjusted on the median line and the maximum occipital point.

Thus we see that the skulls flattened on the left side are twice as many as those flattened on
the right. Eight-handed women carry the child usually on the left arm, and therefore suckle it
mostly at the left breast,* and right-handed people predominate greatly over the left-handed in all

/a

FIG. 28.— Occipital depression. Group C.

races. When lying on the hard cradle-board, then, the heads of the great majority of infants should
more frequently incline to the right than to the left, and should therefore, we would suppose, be
more likely to become flattened on the right side. In our mound skulls the flattening is much
more frequent on the right side than on the left, in the proportion of 62 right to 39 left in 101
skulls in which lateral posterior flattening is found.

* JOHN A. WYKTII. "Anatomical Reasons for Dextral Preference in Man."
Society, Brooklyn, N. Y., Vol. n, 1880, p. 129.

Annals of Anatomical and Surgical

MEMOIKS OF TBE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

177

One peculiar effect of the occipital flattening is observed in the horizontal circumference. In
certain of these skulls (II. 4, II.. 10, and H. 47) a curious difficulty has been encountered concerning
the horizontal circumference. It is prescribed that this circumference, which is supposd to be the
maximum, be taken on a line passing above the supraciliary ridges and through the maximum
occipital point ; thus the posterior segment of the circumference encircles, so to speak, the posterior
end of the maximum length. But in these skulls the line indicating the greatest circumference
passes high up toward the ohelion, and is drawn through so high a plane of the skull that the
greater breadth of the skull at points below that plane more than compensates for its slightly less
length; therefore the maximum circumference does not lie in the same plane as the maximum
length.

Flo. 29.— Occipital ilcpressiou, right lateral.

Again; suppose that we take a skull of any ordinary shape and paint a line around it in the
horizontal plane of its greatest length. If we then look downward upon the vertex of the skull
we shall hardly see the line at all, because it corresponds so nearly to the outline of the skull in
iiorma vci-tir«lix; but if we take one of the deformed skulls in question and paint a line correspond
ingly related to the maximum length and then look down upon the skull, we shall see painted
upon it an ovoid figure which coincides with the outline of the skull only at its posterior extremity.
This is owing to tin- fact that the most protuberant regions of the cranial parietes are situated
much below the horizontal plane of the greatest length.

In the^e cases both the maximum circumference and the circumference around the maximum
occipital point have been recorded, although it has been a matter of great difficulty to determine
exactly the maximum circumference, and a series of measurements of the same made at long inter-
sals of time would probably show considerable variation.
S. Mis. 109 12

178

MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

8. APPARENTLY NORMAL SKULLS.

There are 16 skulls which, if never seen in connection with the rest of the collection, might
readily be regarded as normal skulls. Taken by themselves, the fact that they are deformed is
not obvious; studied along with the rest of the group, where there is every gradation from the
most unquestionably flattened to the apparently normal, the observer has no doubt that the causes
which operated in distorting the former class have had their effect too in shaping the latter, and
lie, feels uncertain where, in any shortened skulls, he is to draw the dividing line between the
normal and the abnormal. To what extent do the pillow and cradle of civilization affect the
skull? In our great collection of Indian crania, those which are the longest, without obvious
artificial deformity, and those which have the best developed occipital shells belong to tribes which

Fio. 30. —Occipital depression, left lateral.

use no cradle-boards or baby baskets; but carry their children in soft bundles, on the back, in
blankets or in frames which present a flexible surface of stretched cloth or buckskin to the occiput
of the infant.

It is evident (see Tables iv and v) that these apparently normal skulls partake fully of the
brachycephaly of the whole group. They represent neither the longest nor the shortest of the
entire series; their extremes being 78.10 and 91.GG, and their average cranial index (80.94) is but
little lower than the average of all (88.47).

Many craniometricians advise that the deformed skulls like most in this collection should not
have their cranial measurements taken or placed on recoid for comparison. Such advice has not
been followed here. All that do not show decided post-mortem distortion have been measured. This
has been done because of the uncertainty referred to above in distinguishing betweeu the normal

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 179

and I lie abnormal, because the occipital distortion is found in the skulls of so many of our Ameri
can races, and because it is felt that its careful study by measurement may eventually prove of
great value in comparing the races. In some cases, however, separate tables have been arranged
for the apparently normal skulls, which are designated as follows: Numbers II. 7, H. 12, II. 15,
II. 18, H. 1<J, H. 21, H. 23, H. 25, H. 26, H. 34, H. 36, H. 39, H. 40, H. 44, H. 54, H. 57. (See Tables

IV and v).

$ 9. POSITION OF MAXIMUM OCCIPITAL POINT.

A feature, probably the effect of occipital distortion, which is usual in these skulls is the ele
vated position of the maximum occipital point. In 50 specimens in which the position of the
lambda may be determined, we find that the maximum occipital point lies above it in 10, and at it
or less than 5mm below it in 10 more. In other words, the maximum occipital point lies without
the occipital bone in 20 per cent of the specimens and is barely included in the latter in another
20 per cent. In 3 of the former 10 skulls the point is seen in the region of the obeliou. In the
remaining 30 skulls, while it is found on the occipital bone, it is usually foiind high on it. In only
5 cases (10 per cent of all) does the point appear in the region of that usually ill-defined locality,
in these skulls, the inion.

§ 10. THE LENGTH-BREADTH INDEX.

The equality in this collection of the cephalic index of Broca to the length-breadth index of
the Frankfort agreement is remarkable and is due no doubt to the occipital flattening. The
maximum occipital point being unusually elevated by reason of the flattening (§ 9), it often coin
cides, or nearly coincides, with the posterior extremity of the German horizontal length, thus ap
proximating the only factors of these two indices that differ. In 13* out of 47 cases these two
indices are exactly equal to one another; in one-half t of the 34 remaining cases the indices differ
less than one unit. According to this index the longest skull is again II. 23, and it is one of those
skulls in which both indices are alike. H. 46 is again the shortest skull, but its horizontal length
being shorter than its greatest length, we have the higher length-breadth index of 99.31. Accord
ing to the "agreement" concerning this index, 3 skulls only are mesocephalic, 8 are brachycephalic,
and 36 are hyperbrachycephalic. The average, closely approximating that of the analogous ver-
tico-transverse index, is 88.75, an extreme, grade of brachycephaly.

In 10 instancesf we have the confusing record of a vertico-transverse index higher than a
length-breadth index. This involves the paradox of a length greater than the maximum length.
A reference to measurements 6 and 7, in Table i, will show, furthermore, that such is our actual
entry in the cases where footnotes are referred to. This apparent inconsistency arises from the
following conditions: First, the occiputs of these skulls are so distorted that one side of them pro
jects posteriorly beyond not only the other side but beyond any point in the posterior part of the
sagittal plane, so that the profile of the skull does not correspond in outline to a section in the
sagittal plane. Hence, second, the longest dimension parallel to the horizontal plane is not in the
sagittal plane. We do not, however, measure directly from the glabella to the most prominent
side of the occiput, which would give us an oblique measurement, but by means of the vertical
plates of Speugel's crauiometer we measure that which is a line parallel to the sagittal plane but
lying to one side of it. Imagining this line to be projected upon the sagittal plane, we reckon our
indices according to the accepted formula. We might have so modified the results or the modes
of measurement as to remove this discrepancy from the record, but we considered it more candid
as well as more scientific to give the results as originally determined.

$ 11. THE VERTICAL INDICES.

The occipital depression referred to not only directly shortens the antero-posterior diameter,
but increases the height and width of the skulls actually as well as comparatively. As a conse
quence, not only is t lie cephalic index very large throughout the group, but the vertical indices
arc correspondingly exaggerated.

' NOB. H. 3, H. 5, H. 6, H. 7, H. 11, H. 12, H. 14, H. 18, H. 23, H. 32, H. It, H. 52, H. 55.

t N,is. II. !>, II. 13, H. 15, II. 16, 11.21, H.25, H. 2f>, II. 27, II .SI, II. :>,:>, II. H<>, 1I.:!7, H. 41, H.42, H.50, 11.53, H.56.

t Not). H. 9, II. lit, II. 21, 11. 25, H. 28, II. 40, H. 42, H. 53, II. 56, II. 57.

180 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The vertico-longitudinal index was obtained in 40 skulls (Table vm). Its extremes in adult
skulls are 78.79 and 97.29. We have a child's skull, however, which has an index of but 77.70,
and it is well to observe that the maximum index (skull II. 32) is far removed from the rest of the
group, the next greatest being 92.56. The average of 39 adult skulls is 83.24.

Our lowest index is within the limit of high skulls as given by any known authority. Sir
William Turner applies the term acrocephalic to all crania with an index of 77 or above.*

In the list of the vertico-transverse index (which may be computed in 39 skulls) the lowest is
84.82, the highest is 105.88. This belongs to the same skull, which has the highest length-height
index, namely, H. 32. In respect to the index now under consideration, II. 32 is not so far
removed from the rest of the group as it is in the length-height index, as will be seen in Table
xiv, where the highest five indices are : 105.88, 104.47, 103.02, 102.27, and 101.39.

In 30 skulls both the vertico-lougitudinal and the vertico-transverse indices were ascertained,
and from those we were able to determine the mixed index of height of Topinard.t Of these 36
skulls the average vertico-longitudinal index is 85.40, the average vertico-trausverse index 96.49,
and the mixed index 90.94. (See Table xvn.)

A casual glance at the above figures might lead to the conclusion that the pressure on the occip
ital tended more to increase the width than the height of the skull, but such is probably not the
case. The transverse measurement is taken wherever the maximum width falls; the height meas
urement is taken from basion to bregma, and the latter is in no case the liighest point on the sagittal
suture in this group — it rarely approximates the highest point. If a series of vertical measure
ments were taken from either the German horizontal plane or the alveolo-condylean plane extended,
the most distant point of the sagittal suture would usually be found posterior both to the bregma
and the vertex of Broca, and often nearer to the obelion than to either. Thus it probably is that
the vertico-transverse index is the greater of the vertical indices.

$ 12. THE PLANE OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM OR OPISTHIO-BASILAR PLANE.

In 29 skulls, where the landmarks were intact, we have determined the degree of inclination
of this plane according to the three methods usually employed, i. e., we have taken the angle of
Daubeuton, the occipital angle of Broca, and the basilar angle of Broca. Tables xviii-xxm give
the results of our measurements, recording in no case less than half a degree.

We are toldf of the angle of Daubeutou that its lowest recorded expression is — 16 in an
Auvergnean, and its highest + 19 in a Hottentot. In the Hemenway collection we have no minus
quantities for this angle; our lowest is -f 4° 30', while our highest far exceeds this exemplary
Hottentot, being + 23°. The highest average we have seen mentioned is + 9.34 in Nubians, but
the average of the Saladoaus is 13.30.

The occipital and basilar angles of Broca are, of course, correspondingly exaggerated in our
series, the mean and extreme of the former being respectively 24° 15' and 35°, and of the latter
32° 15' and 46° 30' (Tables xx and xxn). The mean of the Nubian basilar angle is 26° 32'.

The opisthio-basilar line is very approximately a continuation of the alveolo-basilar line in
skulls H. 10 and H. 23, whose angle is, of Daubeutou, 18° 30'. A straightedge applied to the
median line at the base may be made to almost touch at the same time the alveolar point, the
basion, and the opisthion. We may say, then, that the plane of the foramen magnum in these
two cases looks directly downward. In skulls H. 18, H. 24, and H. 25, whose angles exceed 18° 30'
the plane looks downward and backward. In the rest of the series it looks downward and more or
jess forward.

If the inclination of the plane of the foramen magnum were accepted as a measure of evolution,
the Saladoans would stand at the bottom of the human scale. We are inclined either to regard
their peculiarity in this respect as additional evidence in support of Topinard's opinion that the

* Tri;\j:u: The y.o51ogy of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Part xxix, Report on the Human Skeletons— The
Oania. London, 1884, p. 5.
t Op. tit., p. 683.
t BROCA: Sur Tangle orbito-occipital, Revue d'Authropologie, t. «i, 1'aris, 1877, p. 394.

MEMOlltS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 181

character which the angle of Danbenton expresses is not of ''a serial anthropological character,"*
or to think that the pressure on the occiput, before referred to (§ 7), has influenced the position of
the foramen magnum. It is not, however, in the most flattened skulls that we find the highest
angles.

§ 13. CAPACITY OF CRANIAL CAVITY.

We have already stated that it was found necessary to repair the greater part of the skulls of
this series with plaster of Paris. This often so encroached on the cranial cavity as to make it
impossible to determine the cubic capacity of the latter. In 8 skulls only were we able to find
the cubic contents of the brain case, and these were so friable that neither water nor shot
could be used in them. The measurements were made by means of mustard seed; not according
to any method previously laid down for the use of this seed, but by a system of our own, approxi
mating closely to Broca's method for the use of shot.

The plan is as follows : Use the funnels, rammer, and tin vessels as for shot cubature. Use
the 2,000-centimeter graduated glass with its leveling rammer. First, lay the skull on its vertex.
Pour in rapidly a liter of seed through the wide-necked funnel. Pour in, in same way, so much
more seed that when the skull is set upon its face and frontal bone the seed will form nearly a
level across the skull from foramen to near middle of sagittal suture. Second, insert large end of
rammer into foramen, gently press seed toward frontal region, with side of rammer in such a way
as to level the surface of whatever quantity of seed is in the skull. Third, fill small-necked fun
nel with seed; hold it in left hand with finger over its mouth. The skull, as has been said, is
standing on its frontal region. Grasp occiput with right hand and slowly incline the skull into
the vertex-downward position as before, while running in seed through small funnel. During this
operation the seed will overflow the foramen three or four times; when it does so, thrust seed into
skull with forefinger of right hand ; but as soon as pressure is felt, stop pressing. When the finger
can no longer be introduced into the foramen without feeling decided resistance, and the skull has
been completely lowered into vertex-down position, let the seed form a heap over foramen, press
this heap vigorously into foramen with right thumb, and add seed to level foramen. Fourth,
cover foramen with cotton wad and shake stray seeds from surface of skull. Fifth, empty con
tents of skull into double liter tin. Pour all the seed as rapidly as may be from double liter into
2,000 c. c. eprouvette, using no funnel. Bring leveling rammer of eprouvette down firmly, but not
violently, on seed to level it. Sixth, read the eprouvette.

That the above method gives good results which fairly admit of comparison with results
obtained by shot, there is little doubt, for the following reasons: We made according to this plan
five measurements on one of Professor lianke's bronze skulls, which was presented by the inventor
to our Museum. The capacity of this bronze cast, as ascertained by ourselves, with water, atmos
phere, and all accessories at a temperature of CO0 F., was 1,240 c. c. (The bronze is marked 1,250
c. c., but this seems to be an error.) Our measurements of the capacity of this object with mustard
seed ranged from 1,230 + to 1,250—, with an average of 1,242. We made measurements on this
plan of some natural skulls in our collection which had been repeatedly measured with water and
with shot according to Broca's system, and, applying three or more measurements to each skull,
we arrived at results more uniform than those obtained with the artificial skull of Ranke. The
mustard seed gave as a rule higher figures than those obtained by shot or water, but the average
excess was less than 1 per cent.

Of the eight skulls measured four were male, two female, and two of doubtful sex. With
such a small series we have not considered it proper to study the capacity of the sexes separately.
The highest capacity belongs to a female skull, the lowest capacity to a skull of unknown sex.
All the specimens pertain to subjects of mature age, and none are senile.

The highest two capacities are, in cubic centimeters, 1,530 and 1,510, which according to
Broca's nomenclature? belong to skulls of the medium or ordinary class. Four capacities, viz,
1,390, 1,330, 1,310 and 1,170, belong to his class of small (pciilr) skulls. The remaining two
capacities, 1,150 and 1,120, belong to the luicrocephali or lowest class. The average capacity is
only 1,313. It might be urged that since our series of capacities represent such a small proportion

* Op. cit., p. 814. tToi'iNARD, op. cit., p. 610.

182 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the whole series, this average may be far from the true average capacity of all ; but we have
the following reason for thinking otherwise, : That capacity (1,330) which comes nearest to the above
average, belongs to skull H. 7, and this it is, that next after the " type " (H. 40) is the most typical
skull of the whole series as shown by its various indices.

The table of Broca, with which we have to compare this average, gives separate figures for the
males and the females of eacli race. We have calculated the combined averages and made our
comparisons with these. Broca gives 29 series including the most diverse races, but no American
Indians. We find but three of his series having a lower cranial capacity than the Saladoans;
these are the " Hottentots and Bushmen," the " Australians," and " Farias of Allipoor (Calcutta)."
Such inferior races as the Negroes of Africa, the Papuans, the New Caledonians, and the Tasma-
nians seem to rank in this character above the Saladoans.

Our Table xxiv presents some small series of average cranial capacities of (lower) races
represented in the Army Medical Museum. They are taken from the series of 101 (see Table
LXXXI) — 2 Navajos and 10 Peruvians being added. All the races, not American Indians, men
tioned in this table, viz, Sandwich Islanders, Mongolians, New Zealanders, American Negroes,
and Eskimos, it will be seen, have larger brain cases than our Saladoans. The position of the latter
with regard to other autochthones of both North and South America is shown in the following
extract from the table :

(1) Siouan tribes 1463

(2) Pah Utes 1367

(3) Apaches 1331

(4) Ancient Californians 1323

(5) Navajos 1315

(6) Saladoans 1313

(7) Peruvians 1295

It is not in accordance with current theories that a people as advanced in arts and social organ
ization as that of the Salado Valley evidently was should have a cranial capacity superior only
to such low races as the Hottentots and Australians. It must be borne in miud, too, that the un-
cremated remains of the Saladoans probably represent a superior class of this community. Still,
small as is their cranial capacity, it is greater than that of the Peruvians, who were a race more
advanced than the Saladoans. We have little to suggest in explanation of these facts. Perhaps
the subject of cranial capacity in relation to culture may have to be reconsidered. The Saladoaus
were a people of low stature and rather slight physique, and the relation which the skull bears to
the rest of the skeleton may be a factor in the problem. We have as yet no evidence to show
that distortion reduces the capacity of the cranium.

$ 14. THE TYPE SKULL

The following method is the one we have adopted for selecting a type skull from the series:
First. Let all the sets of indices be arranged in ordination. Second. Subtract the lowest index
in one ordination from the highest. Third. Divide the difference by 2, and add the quotient
thus obtained to the lowest index. This gives the theoretical mean of variation. Example:
Suppose we have a series of skulls with cephalic indices ranging from 80.00 to 90.00. The flrst
step, subtraction, gives us 10.00; the second step, division, gives us 5.00, and the third step,
addition, gives us 85.00, which is the theoretical mean of variation. The skull, if any, having this
index is the type of the series as far as concerns the cephalic index. In practice, however, where
we calculate indices to the second decimal place, it is not usual to find any skull with the
index exactly expressing the theoretical mean. The skull most nearly expressing it is taken as
the; type.

It follows that if we take many different series of indices upon the same skulls we have to
determine what skull stands in the plurality of instances nearest the theoretical mean. Suppose
we calculate ten different series of indices upon 9 skulls (ail odd number is easier for the
purpose of explanation). If 1 particular skull expresses the theoretical mean of variation in

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 183

each and every series, it is, of course, the type skull of the lot in every respect, so far as the
investigation has gone.

Hut if, as must always be the case, no skull expresses the theoretical mean of every series of
indices, then we take the skull which averages nearest the theoretical mean. Therefore, of our^
supposed lot of 9 skulls we select, let us say, from the first series of indices, 3 — the .skull
having an index most nearly expressing the mean of variation, the skull having an index next
greater than this, and the skull having an index next smaller. Now, supposing that we have ten
series of indices, let us say that the skull which expresses the theoretical mean of the first series
comes nowhere near it in any other series, while the skull next below the theoretical mean iu the
series of indices under consideration is the theoretical mean of two other series of indices, and
stands either just above or just below the mean in every series. The latter, then, is very likely
the type sought.

To state it more methodically : We have measured a lot of skulls, have reckoned their indices,
and have arranged the several different kinds of indices in as many different ordinations, hi each
ordination we select the index most nearly expressing the mean of variation and call it No. 1 ; the
index next above and index next below this we call No. 2. The index next above the greater No.
2, and the index next below the, lesser No. 2 we call No. 3, and so on. Now let us add together,
for each skull separately, the Nos. 1, 2, 3, etc., expressing the position of the several indices with
regard to t he theoretical mean of radiation of each series of indices. Divide the sum thus obtained
by the number of series of indices. The skull whose indices thus treated give the lowest quotient
is the type.

In the. present case, however, it must be remembered that theSalado skulls are much broken,
so that only a few can yield a complete series of measurements. The type skull, therefore, in part
owes its selection to its good preservation, it being represented in every series of indices. It can
not be said to be the type of 57 skulls, perhaps, but in a general way, all things considered,
it is the best representative of the characteristic dimensional relations of crania of the people
in question. Its most aberrant feature consists in the uuusal height of the orbits, shown by the
orbital index 90.05, while the theoretical mean of the orbital indices is 1)0.90.

The type skull thus selected is II. 40; its five views are shown in plates 55 to 50, inclusive.
Of skulls in good condition H. 7 and H. 15 approach nearest to the type.

$ 15. PROCESSES AT 15ASE OF SKULL.

There is evidence, in the arclueologic find of Los Muertos and Las Acequias in the shapes of
the pottery, etc., that this people, like the modern Pueblos, were accustomed to carry heavy
burdens on the head. Such being the case, we might reasonably expect to find the various proc
esses for muscular and ligamentary attachments at the base of the skull strong and prominent;
but, on the contrary, we find them unusually subdued and weak. It may be that our expecta
tions are, unfounded; that the load on the head, oiice well balanced, required little muscular exer
tion to sustain it.

The fnion. — In 4(i adult skulls, with this process well preserved, compared with the live
forms of Broca,* we find that 27 agree with his zero or lowest form, that lit resemble his No. 1,
and that none arc to be considered of a higher grade than this. It has been conjectured that the
general pressure which has flattened the occiput in these skulls may have hindered the full
development of the inion; but the fact that all the processes of the base arc weak, and that the
inion is ill-developed in skulls where the pressure did not fall upon it, seems to indicate that pres
sure can at most account for only a part of the subdued features of the inion in this series.

$ 16. THE PTERION.

Of the pteria 32 are sufficiently preserved to be studied with profit. They occur in 24 skulls,
13 on the right side, 19 on the left. Four exhibit the character plainly, but can not be measured.
The remaining 2S (see Table xxv) are easily measured. Only 8 skulls have the pteria intact on
both sides.

Instructions cruuiulogicniuH ct crnuiomctriiiuc*. I'l. vi.

184 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

All are of that form called by Broca pterion in H. Wormian bones complicate their char
acters.

Of the 11 measurable right pteria the longest is 20mm (the maximum of the group) and the
shortest is 5"im. Of the 17 measurable left pteria the longest is 18nim and the shortest 3""" (the
minimum of the group). The average length of the right pteria is 12.90"""; the average of the
left pteria is 11.35; the average of all, 11.96.

There are but two pteria of less than 8mm in length, a percentage of 6.5, which is smaller than
any on Anoutchine's* table except that of the Peruvians, which is 3.4. There is but one pterion
whicli does not exceed 3""", but with our small total of 28 this gives us a percentage of 3.5.

On the whole the character of the pterion is of a very high type.

§ 17. UNIQUE SAGITTAL SYNOSTOSIS.

The presence among the Saladoans of 4 skulls showing unique sagittal synostosis, one of
them adolescent, has naturally led us to inquire if an early sagittal synostosis can be a physio
logical characteristic of this people, or if, at whatever age synostosis begins, it affects first the
sagittal suture. With this point in mind we have investigated several other series of American
skulls with the following results (the description applies solely to the outer table except in cases
where the inner is expressly mentioned) :

Saladoans. — The Saladoans present four cases of unique sagittal synostosis as follows:

No. H. 15, a fairly well-preserved skull, female ; basilar suture closed; third molars cut except
left lower (?); right lower second premolar and first molar shed and alveoli absorbed; right upper
third molar decayed away; the two third molars still visible; lower right and upper left one only
slightly worn, especially the latter; premolars and first molars worn just into the enamel. Sagit
tal suture completely obliterated ; no other synostosis. A line of porosity across the pre-occipital
may possibly indicate previous existence of an os epactale.

No. H. 17, a well-preserved skull of a youth ; basilar suture open ; all milk teeth shed ; no third
molars cut; no permanent teeth lost ante-mortem; enamel of first molars a little worn; entire
obliteration of sagittal suture; no other syuostosis of brain capsule.

No. H. 45, a fairly well-preserved female skull; basilar suture closed; full set of permanent
teeth cut and none of them lost ante-mortem ; wear of enamel very slight; complete sagittal oblit
eration; no other synostosis.

No. H. 49, a much warped and laterally flattened skull ; post-mortem distortion ; basi-occipital
broken away; full set of teeth, except lower third molars, cut and none shed ante-mortem; lower
third molars point forward and are impacted against second molars, probably never would have
been erupted through gum; first molars worn, but not into dentine; obliteration of sagittal suture;
probably no other synostosis; sutures of cranial vault .all very simple.

Peruvians. — Among the Peruvians the following cases are to be noted in connection with sag
ittal synostosis:

No. 2315, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; permanent teeth all
erupted and none lost ante mortem; all teeth lost post-mortem except left upper first premolar and
molar; these teeth worn into the dentine; posterior two-thirds of sagittal suture obliterated;
anterior third ossified in spots; no other synostosis; there is a slight ridge about the anterior part
of the sagittal suture; the left temporal sends a process to join the frontal bone.

No. 2506, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; teeth all cut, but
tliird molars lost ante-mortem ; all teeth which are present are worn down to the dentine; complete
sagittal obliteration ; a very little commencing synostosis of the lambdoid and left occipito-mastoid
sutures; no other synostosis; sagittal ridge; a process joins right temporal and frontal.

No. 2945, a well-preserved skull with mandible; basilar suture closed; all permanent teeth
cut; both upper third molars and left lower third molar shed ante-mortem; teeth worn down to
the dentine; complete obliteration of sagittal and complete obliteration of right squamous suture;
no other synostosis ; sagittal ridge.

*ANOITTCHINE : Sur quelques anomalies du crane humain et de leur frequence dans les races. Review by C. de
Mcrejkowsky in Revne d'Antkropologie, 2d series, vol. 5 (1882), i>. 359, et. seq.

MEMOIllS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 185

It is seen from these notes that the Peruvians offer no case of sagittal synostosis comparable
to that of the Suladoans. This is the conclusion arrived at by considering that all three of the
above skulls are at least mature and show a sagittal ridge.

Yucatecs. — The Yucatecs offer the following specimens of unique sagittal synostosis:

No. 6i>6, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; all permanent teeth
cut; second upper right premolar shed ante-mortem; teeth not worn; sagittal suture obliterated;
no other synostosis.

No. 628, a well-preserved skull without mandible; basilar suture closed; all permanent teeth
cut; left upper third molar lost, probably ante-mortem; enamel of teeth not worn; sagittal suture
obliterated; a little commencing synostosis just above the lambda; no other synostosis.

C«lif»r>tittnx. — No. 1415, small, rather heavy and well-preserved; basilar suture closed; third
upper molars cut (lower jaw not found); right upper third molar lost; the teeth show wear sufli-
cient to slightly expose the dentine except in the case of the left upper third molar, of which the
enamel alone is worn; the sagittal is cob'ssitied throughout its entire length on the inner table,
and all but its anterior fifth on the outer table; no other synostosis.

No. 1430, medium size; facial bones separated from cranium and only right side of mandible
preserved; third molars cut; but all but right lower have been lost; basilar suture closed; the
enamel only of the teeth is worn; sagittal entirely obliterated; no other synostosis.

No. 1507, small skull; right temporal and cerebellar regions broken away; mandible broken
across the symphysis; basilar suture closed; all third molars cut, but right upper one has been
lost; the second and third molars have their enamel only worn; some other teeth have their
dentine slightly worn. The sagittal is coossified entirely on the inner table and all but its most
anterior portion on the outer table; no other synostosis; lambdoid quite complicated.

No. 1748, consists of the cranial vault, only, from a good-sized, rather scaphoid specimen;
sagittal completely obliterated on each table; coronal and lambdoid fully open; no way of judging
age.

A skull which is less satisfactory to discuss, as all its teeth have dropped out post-mor
tem, is_ No. 80li, a well-preserved recent skull; basilar suture closed; third molars cut; all
teeth dropped, but there is no alveolar absorption. There has been a large ox epactale; it is now
(irmly coossified to the parietals, and they in turn to each other, the sutures being thoroughly
obliterated; other sutures, including that between the epactal and occipital, open. Bather a
scaphoid skull.

In many of the Californian skulls there is a prominence, sometimes prolonged into a ridge, just
behind the bregma; none of the above synostotic skulls show this peculiarity except No, SOU,
which lias a slight ridge. In some skulls, however, where synostosis is more general and probably
a purely senile change, it is evident enough.

Mound builders. — No. 556, a mutilated skull of a Floridian without mandible; state of basilar
suture indeterminable; upper set of permanent teeth all cut; right upper third molar shed ante-
mortem, teeth all deeply worn; complete sagittal obliteration; no other synostosis.

No. 1110, a mutilated skull of a Floridian without mandible; basilar suture closed; teeth
mostly shed ante-mortem and rear alveoli much absorbed; sagittal obliterated except at ils
anterior half centimeter; very slight commencing synostosis of lambdoid; no other syuostosis of
brain capsule. This is probably the skull of quite an old person.

No. 730, a fairly well-preserved skull from Kentucky with mandible; basilar suture open;
all permanent teeth cut except third molars; no teeth shed ante-mortem; all teeth lost post
mortem except right upper first molar and both lower first molars; these teeth are not worn;
sagittal suture open anteriorly for its first 18 millimeters; behind this it is obliterated to within
16 millimeters of the lambda, and the space of these last 16 millimeters is partially co ossified; no
other synostosis. As far as age and a globose appearance are concerned, this skull is essentially
similar to the Saladoan, H. 17.

No. 1012, a large, well preserved skull, with mandible, from Illinois; basilar suture closed ; all
permanent teeth cut; right upper molars, left upper lirst and third molars, and both lower lirst
molars shed ante-mortem and alveoli absorbed; teeth somewhat worn; complete sagittal oblitera-

186 MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tion; synostosis of coronal right and left between stephauion and pterion ; froitto-sphenoid sutures
coossified right and left; very slight commencing lambdoid coossification. This skull is interest
ing, not because the sagittal synostosis is unique, but because it is so complete and apparently so
much in advance of the other synostoses, while it retains a globose shape, being notably rounded
in its outline.

No. 1G62, a well-preserved skull, with mandible, from Dakota; basilar suture closed; perma
nent teeth all cut and none of them shed ante-mortem ; teeth show some wear; sagittal suture
obliterated except its anterior two centimeters; no other synostosis.

Alaskans. — Sagittal synostosis unaccompanied by other synostoses is not conspicuous. Only
the following two, the first of which is very remarkable, are worthy of note:

No. 2454, perfectly preserved, from a child between 7 and 10 years old; basilar suture open;
sutures between basi-occipital and exoccipitals partly open; premaxillary suture visible on pala
tine vault; first permanent molars cut and second appearing; upper median, lower median, and
lateral incisors cut but lost; no permanent canines or premolars ; posterior two-thirds of sagittal
suture entirely closed on outer and inner tables; for one-half of the remaining third there is
partial synostosis on both tables, while the anterior sixth is open; no other synostosis.

No. 2486, a perfectly preserved skull of an adult; basilar suture not quite closed; lower third
molars not cut; posterior two-thirds of sagittal firmly coossified; half the remainder partially so;
anterior extremity open; coossification also, but less complete, of right coronal between sagittal
and temporal line, right lambdoid and left parieto-mastoid.

Eskimos. — Among the Greenland Eskimos there is no case of sagittal synostosis, alone, com
parable with that of the Arizoniaus. There is found, however, the following extraordinary
specimen :

No. 122C, a skull without mandible, of light weight and well preserved; basilar suture open;
teeth lost post mortem, except the right upper molars, three in number, and left upper first molar;
both third molars cut. The one remaining in the skull is not worn, nor is the second molar much
worn; dentine of first molar worn a little; complete sagittal obliteration; also complete lambdoid
obliteration except about 5"11"- of the left lateral end; no other synostosis. Thus the whole pos
terior end of the skull from the coronal suture above to the basilar suture below is a single bone.

We conclude then: First, that unique sagittal synostosis may take place at a very early age;
second, that it does not necessarily produce a scaphoid skull ; third, that it may or may not be
accompanied by a sagittal ridge; fourth, that at present it can not be said to be peculiarly charac
teristic of any American race.

Percentages representing the number of cases of unique sagittal synostosis in relation to the
total number of skulls in each given series might be reckoned; but they would probably not
accurately represent the tendency to unique sagittal synostosis for the following reasons:

First. It is most likely true that under a certain age no skull is liable to sagittal synostosis
except for pathological reasons. Diseased skulls should of course be excluded from consideration
and not be allowed to affect the percentage. But, inasmuch as we have learned that sagittal synos
tosis may take place before the skull is matured in any other respect, we must confess ourselves
at a loss to determine exactly what that age is. So then we must either draw an arbitrary line
between two supposed classes of skulls, the one of which is liable and the other not liable to
sagittal synostosis, or we must consider every skull as liable to it. In neither case can our per
centage exactly represent the facts.

Second. Cases of sagittal obliteration may occur which are striking in their completeness, but
which are accompanied by very slight disseminated syuostosis of other sutures. In determining
whether such cases are to be allowed to affect the percentage or not, personal judgment — always a
little arbitrary — must be used.

Third. Cases may occur where the sagittal is coossified but not entirely obliterated, while all
other sutures are completely open. This occurrence in a young skull merits mention; but here
again fallible judgment is called into play to pass upon the age of the skull and the minimum
amount of synostosis entitled to mention.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 187

In an article entitled " Nachtrag zur Anatomic dor Schiidelnahte," by Dr. E. Znckerkandl,*
iu a series of l.'!4 skulls, mostly Negroes, Negritos, and .Malays, we find the following notabk; cases:

No. 08: Indian (American?), sagittal suture obliterated in places. No synostosis of coronal,
lambdoid, or mastoid sutures.

No. 104: Peruvian, sagittal totally obliterated; other sutnrcs open.

No. 124: Alfnru, sagittal obliterated in places; other sutures open.

No. 128: Javanese woman, sagittal totally synostosed; other sutures open.

In none of these cases does the author note a senile appearance of a skull, as seems to have
been done when required throughout the article.

Unfortunately we do not possess a copy of Dr. Davis's workt on synostosis of cranial sutures
where this subject is discussed. He refers to it, however, iu his "Thesaurus Crauioruiu," which
we quote :

I have pointed out that icapkootphaliilt is fur from hcini/ tlif annul retail t of the eurly /notification

of the sayittal suture. This position is maintained liy an analysis of the twenty-seven skulls in this collection which
present no appearance of sagittal suture, but only four of which are true «c«yi/n«rji/i«?i.t

Continuing, he refers particularly to four of these cases of synostosis, which we quote accord
ingly, omitting the measurements.

No. 100: African negro, male, int. c. 30; presents a complete obliteration of the sagittal suture but no gcuyi/m
rrpliHliHtn or othor deformity. The alisphenoids and parietals only just touch.

No. 378. Pokomame; imperfect calv. * an instance of premature ossification of tlie sagittal sntnro

which is totally obliterated. The other sutures are all open. In the synostosis of the parietals in the case

of a calvarium artificially deformed in so extreme a degree and in a direction running parallel to the sagittal suture;
it is, I believe, unique. There is not the slightest approach to scaphoccplialism.

No. 915: Australian, female, ret. c. 17. This small cranium is synostotic from premature obliteration of the
sagittal suture, which has not materially changed its form. It can not be denominated Bcaphocephalic at all. It
exhibits marks of old injuries on the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, and has no splieno-parietal sutures.

No. 789: Fiituhivan, male, a-t. c. 17. This calvarium of a young subject is very large, thin, and iu appearance
swollen out as if it bad been hydrocephalic. It is also synostotic, the sagittal suture being totally obliterated; yet
the calvarium is not scaphocephalic, nor indeed deformed in any way.$

} 18. THE INCA PONE AND ALLIED FORMATIONS.]!

Perhaps the most interesting feature discovered in this series is the great prevalence of the
Inca bone and its kindred anomalies. This was first observed by Dr. Wortman while he was
engaged in collecting and preserving the bones as they were exhumed at Camp Hemcnway in the
Salado v'alley in 1887. lie had, however, no opportunity in the field for making a careful study
and determining the comparative frequency of the anomalies; besides, the bones when unearthed
were in such a friable condition that they could not properly be examined until they were
strengthened and repaired. Since they have been repaired at the Army Medical Museum we have
found, among complete skulls and fragments, a series of 88 occipital bones in a sufficient state of
preservation to be examined for these formations.

We need not enter into an elaborate description of these anomalies, nor discuss at length their
morphological characters. Such elaboration is not within the general plan of our work. The
accompanying illustrations will, we hope, serve to make clear to the reader, when the text may
be too concise, the full meaning of the terms we employ. Those who desire to consult the original
authors whom we have followed are referred to the works of Virehow,fl Anoutchine,** and
Topinard.fi

* Zuckrrkandl, /•-'. in Mittheilungen dcr Anthropologisheii Cesellschaft in YVien, Hand iv, 1874, p. Ill <-t /.(•</.

t DAVIS: On synostotic crania among Aboriginal Races of Man. Haarlem, lsti.°>.

{DAVIS: Thesaurus Craniorum, London, 181(7, p. ">7.

SDavis, op. cit., pp. 195, 2a5, 261, and 3-' I.

|| Much of the material in this section has appeared previously in an article, by the author, entitled "The Inca bone,
and kindred formations among the ancient Arixonians." Ameii. MII Anthropologist. Washington, I >. C., Vol. n, p. :!:i7
(October, 1889).

UVlROHOW: Ueber einigo Merkraale niecleivr Mcnschcnrassen am Schadel. Merlin, 1875. Zeitschrift fur Kth-
nologie, v.20, 1888, p. 470.

•• Kcvnod'anthropologic, 1HS3, p. 140 (Keview).

tt Op. cit., p. 7fi», p. 791, foot not,-.

188

MEMOIBS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Iii the first place we will consider the true epactal bone, or os Incce. It exists in all races; it
becomes a characteristic of the Peruvian or Inca race only by reason of its great frequency among
them. How often it is found in them more than among other peoples hitherto studied will be seen
in the accompanying table (Table A).

FlQ. 31— Inca liono (No. H. 13).

Fia. 32— Inoa bone (No. H. 29).

Figs. 31 and 32 represent typical forms of this bone in two varieties described by Virchow.*
In one the persistent transverse occipital suture runs directly from one asterion to the other, and
seems but a continuation of the parieto-mastoid suture. In the other the ends of the transverse

FIG. 33— Incomplete Inoa bono (No. II. 14).

Fia. 34.— Quadrate bone (No. H. 48).

suture join the lambdoidal on each side, a short distance above the asterion. The epactal bone
shown in Fig. 31 was complicated with a multitude of Wormian bones, many of which, very
minute, pertained to the outer table only, and, falling out, left the broad, indefinite border shown

t Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic, 1888, p. 470.

MEMOIRS OF T1IE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

189

in the figure. In our scries of 88 we have 5 ossa Inccc as true and typical as these — a percentage
of 5.68.

Fig. 33 represents the only specimen in the Salado series of what Anoutchine calls the
incomplete os Inccc. In this the left third of the transverse suture is persistent and, connecting
with the lambdoidal suture above by an almost vertical suture, separates from the rest of the
occipital a triangular bone which probably represents one original point of ossification. This
added to the complete ossa Incce gives us 6 specimens or a percentage of 6.81 of both these forms
combined.

As an anomaly which is sometimes confounded with the epactal bone, though having a very
different embryologic origin, the quadrate bone, or os quadratum, is to be considered. Fig. 34 illus
trates the only specimen in the collection which can with any propriety be classed tinder this
head, and it is neither a large nor a typical specimen. Some might be inclined to regard it as a
triquetral bone. One instance of this form in 88 occiputs gives us a percentage of 1.13.

Immediately above the apex of the quadrate bone in Fig. 34 is seen an open space, which
was evidently once filled by a small os sagittate.

Flo. 35.— Apical bone associated with Wormian bones (No. H. 51).

Flo. 36.— Possible vestige of transverse suture (No. H. 15) .

Every separate ossicle or collection of ossicles observed at the apex of the occipital, except a
quadrate or an epactal bone, is placed in Virchow's class of ossa triquctra seu apicis (apical bones,
we shall call them), even when it lies entirely on one side of the median line or is one of the numer
ous series of Wormian bones like that shown in Fig. 35. It has been found difficult or impossible
to draw a definite line of distinction between such and the most typical os apicis.

In including all these forms in this class we may have exceeded the limits set for themselves
by other observers, and this may account for the large number (16) and the comparatively high
percentage (18.1) of ossa apicis which this collection furnishes. But if none but the most certain
examples were tabulated we would still, probably, have a higher percentage than is to be found
in any other race.

There is one anomaly which we have not tabulated, namely, the vestige of the tranverse suture
which is sometimes seen in the neighborhood of the asteriou on one or both sides and which often
extends but a few millimeters in the direction of the median line. This is omitted because of the
uncertainty attending the examination of minute examples arising from abrasions to the-ontcr
table, post-mortem marginal fissures, and other injuries common in these old and friable bones.

In this connection I introduce Fig. 36. Here we see a peculiar punctured or honeycombed
appearance of the outer table in the line of the transverse suture. It seems to be a vestige of that
suture of unusual character confined to the outer table. It is the only specimen of its kind in the
Ilernenway collection, but there are some similar formations in the general collection of our
museum.

190

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The following table is made up of four of Anoutchine's tables, consolidated, with tlie following
modifications: (1) All the races are placed in one order and are called by one name. (2) A title in
his table of "Americans in general" is omitted; it would serve in connection with this paper to
confuse rather than to enlighten the reader; its figures are obtained merely by adding those of the
"Peruvians" to those of "Americans not Peruvians." (3) The Saladoans have been added and
placed at the head of the list. Anoutchine's percentages are based on a liberal number of
specimens, ranging from 157 in Australians and Tasmanians to 6,871 in Caucasians, in general.
The Peruvian specimens are 604, and the Americans (not Peruvians) are 390 in number.

TABLE A. — Showing tit c percentage of the Inca lone and allied formations as found in various races.

Races.

Complete
on 1nc,ce.

Complete
and
incomplete
os lnc(B.

O» qnad-
ratum.

Os triquc-
trum
scu apicis.

Saladoans .

5.68

6.81

1.13

18.1

Peruvians

5.46

6.08

1.05

10.5

Americans, not Peruvians

1.30

3.86

0.26

5. 63

Negroes

1.53

2.65

2.11

1. 19

Malays and Polynesians

1.09

1.42

0.76

0. 43

Mongolians

0.56

2.26

0.57

3.02

0 57

0.46

1.19

0.18!

1.59

0.51

1.70

0.41

2.36

0.45

1.09

0.13?

1.42

1.65

0.62

2.87

0.0?

0.64?

0.64

0.64?

The above table speaks for itself and but little comment is necessary. It shows a most
remarkable correspondence in the frequency of these anomalies between the Saladoan and Peruvian
races. It shows also that, while in respect to three of the anomalies the Peruvians are widely
separated from the rest of the human race, as heretofore studied, the Saladoans are still farther
removed. In short, they out- Inca the lucas.

It has been maintained* that the artificial pressure to which Peruvian skulls were subjected
produced the anomaly of the epactal bone. We consider that the arguments in favor of this theory
are already successfully refuted, but will nevertheless add to the refutation such testimony as the
Hemenway collection offers. The Saladoan skulls bear not the slightest evidence of intentional,
depression or distortion of any kind, especially of that sort produced by the application to the
forehead of the head board, such as the Peruvians once used and some Indians of the northwest
coast still use. A certain amount of accidental or unintentional occipital depression is to be found
in the majority of the skulls, due apparently to the use of a wooden-backed baby basket with an
insufficient pillow ; but it is a depression of no greater degree or frequency than is found in many
American races among which the epactal bone is comparatively rare. Furthermore, it is not in
the most depressed occiputs of the Saladoan skulls that the epactal bone is most common, but in
those that are fairly rounded and prominent.

$ 19. FACIAL INDICES. *

Being somewhat uncertain as to the true position of the ophryon in these skulls, we took
neither the ophryo-mental nor the ophryo- alveolar measurements of Broca, and hence we were
unable to compute the facial indices of that author. We have contented ourselves with securing
the facial heights of the Frankfurt agreement, which have the definite point of the uasion for their
upper landmark, and from these we have computed four indices prescribed by the agreement,
namely: The total facial index of Virchow, the total facial index of Kollmann, the upper facial
index of Virchow, and the upper facial index of Kollmann. (Tables xxvi to xxxm, inclusive.)

As much as we have gained in precision by this selection we have lost in another way, since

* Dissertation sur les races qui composaiont 1'ancienue population du PiSrou.
Modecino. MiSmoires de la Soei<5t6 d'anthropologie, vol. i.

Par M. L.-A. Gosse, Docteur en

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

1U1

the data for comparison of the French measurements are rich, while those for the measurements
of the German school are meager. Scattered through the pages of the Zeitschriftfilr Ethnologic.
and the accompanying Yvrhantlluny dcr Jferlincr (iiwllttchaft fiir Anthropologie, tithiioloyie inul
ri-t/i'xcliii-ltic there are many separate papers by Prof. Virchow (see Table LXXIX). From these
we have prepared, with the expenditure of considerable time and care, Table No. LXXX, and from
this we quote a tew items for comparison in the facial indices.

We have compiled the following eight tables of comparison, which appear In this section, largely
from our own very insufficient special series of 101 before referred to (Table LXXXI). Tables 1!,
D, F, II, show the relations of this Saladoan collection to various races of the world, and Tables
C, E, G, 1, show its relations to other Indian tribes. Where anything is added from Table No.
LXXX the source is indicated in a footnote.

The facial index of Virchow, which is the product of the uaso-meutal height multiplied by
100 and divided by the facial width of Virchow — a line uniting the inferior extremities of the
malo-maxillary sutures — has been computed in 1!) skulls. These indices are shown in Tables xxvi,
xx vn, where it appears that they vary from 102.85 to 131.25, and that their average is 117.<»4. For
this index, according to the " agreement," the dividing point between the two classes of broad
faces and narrow faces is an index of 00, all above this being narrow and all below, broad. These
skulls are therefore decidedly narrow faced, but so it would appear are all races as represented in
our series of 101, as shown in the following tables:

TABLE B. — Facial index of Virchow among various race*.

Kacex.

Number
of skulls.

Average
iuilux.

Europeans .. . .

5

131.77

Negroes ...

3

127. 83

2

118 78

Fiji Islanders

2

118. 61

(J

11X 3,1

19

117 64

Australians

2

117. 02

Japanese . ...

2

iii;.>;i

Sandwich Islanders .. .

2

11"). 71

North American, Indians excluding Saladoans
Malays (Virchow)

30

3

114. 83
•111.50

*From Table LXXX.

TABLK C. — Facial index of Virchow among American

Baoea.

Number

nfHkillla.

Average
index.

!':i \vnces . . . ...

1

l'>3 15

1'iih Utcis

5

117 72

Sal ail nans

11)

,|

117.64
116 01

Calif'oruiau.s

8

115. 91

A parlies

4

111. 72

2

113 63

N;ivaj<»

3

110. 29

•3

108 31

We have been able to compute the upper facial index of Virchow in IM skulls. This index is
the product of the naso-alveolar height multiplied by 100 and divided by the facial width of
Virchow. In the tables of this measurement (Tables XXVIII, XXIX) we find that the minimum is
62.22, the maximum 7!t. •">!•, and the average 09.82. For this index 50 constitutes the point of
division between broad and narrow upper faces. The skulls in this group, then, are all distinctly
of the latter class. In the tables below it, will be seen that there are no averages below f>0. In
other words, there are no broad upper faces in our special series of 101.

192

MEMOIBS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE D. — Upper facial index of Virchow among various races.

Kacee.

Number
of skulls.

Average
index.

Europeans

Negroes

Clmckcliecs

Eskimos

Fiji Islanders

Chinese

Australians

North American Indians, excepting Saladoans

Botocndoa

iSaladoans

Japanese

Sandwich Islanders

Various Malaysians

New Zealaiiders

Motilo

Yueatecs . .

14 i

6

2
11

2 i
2

3

44
11
34

2

6

24

4

1
1

75. 82
74.35
73.48
7.'. !)()
72.48
72.02
71.49
70.70

*70. 00
69. '82
68.94
68.19

*67. 90
66. 85

»6(i. 00

*65. 70

* See Table LXXX.

TABLE E. — Upper facial index of Virchoiv among American tribes.

Races.

Number
of skulls.

A verage
index.

Seniinoles.

2

81.17

Miunetarees

2

79.36

1'ah Utes

72.49

Sioux

i

71.99

Californians

10

70.96

2

70.66

34

69.82

6

69.01

4

68. 51

4

66.88

o

65.94

1

65.13

In 17 skulls we have been able to ascertain the total facial index of Kollmann, which is fonnd
by multiplying the naso-mental height by 100 and dividing the product by the bi-jugal width.
The tables of this index (xxx, xxxi,) present a minimum of 81.53, a maximum of 97.65, and an
average of 88.01. The classes of this index, like that of the facial index of Virchow, have their
dividing point at 90 ; all skulls with an index below that being chameeprosopic or low-faced, and
all above that being leptoprosopic or high-faced, the equivalent of Virchow's narrow-faced skulls.
Our Saladoan skulls, therefore, which, according to the classification of the Virchow index, are
all narrow, are, according to the classification of the Kollmann index, mostly broad (low) and have
a slightly broad average.

In the following table (F) of ten different races, in which only two races — Europeans and
Negroes — have high faces, the'Saladoans appear in a median position and nearer the true Mon
golians than to other Indian tribes :

TABLE F. — Facial index of Kollmann among various races.

KaceB.

No. of
skulls.

Average
iutlex.

6
5
3
1
3
2
2
17
6
2
2
8
29
8

*95. 40
92. 80
91.95
89. 58
*89. 10
88.95
88.63
88.01
87.71
84.86
84.59
*84. 30
83.74
"83.30

Fij i Islander

Japanese

Saladoans.

Eskimos .

Sandwich Islanders

Australians . .

Various Malaysians .. .

North American Indians (excluding Saladoans)..
Goaziros of Venezuela ..

•See Table LXXX.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

193

lu the following table (G) of nine North American tribes it would appear that the Saladoans
have higher faces than any other tribe:

TABLE G. — Upper facial index of Kollmann among various tribes.

Races.

Number
of skulls.

A vcrago
index.

17

88 01

The Rock lilult skull

1

*86 50

8

85 66

4

84 87

1

84 78

1'ah I'tr-

5

83 48

3

83 ''2

82 39

3

80 74

1

SO 00

j

*76 30

•From Table LXXX.

Iii 27 skulls the upper facial index of Kollmann has been computed (Tables xxxn, xxxm) its
minimum is 17.05, its maximum (iO.!)3, and its average 52.18. In this index, as iu the analogous
index of Virchow, the highest figure for low or broad upper faces is 50. Of the Saladoaus 6 out of
27 belong to thia class: 1 he rest have high upper faces, and the average is leptoprosopic. As
shown in Table I, the Saladoans for this index have higher upper faces than other Americans in
general; but three American tribes exceed them iu this particular.

TABLE H. — Upper facial In -•/<•.«• of Ko'lmann among various races.

Races.

Number Average
ol'skulls. index.

Chuckohees

Kskinios

V.-ddahs

Chinese

Negroes

Kurouriins

Fiji Islanders

ItllldClldoH

JapalleM-

Sa la i loans

North American Indians, excluding Saladciaus. . .

Sandwich Islanders

Australians

Various Malaysiaus

New /calunders. .

2
LO

6

I 1
1

27

42

H

3

55. 17

54.09

"53. 80

58.74

53. 22

r.:-!. ot>

52. 77
*52. 60
52. 58
52. 18
51. 69
50.35
BO. 23
18.60
48.54

•From Table LXXX.

TABLE I. — Upper facial index of Kollmann amoiuj American trificx.

UUCCB. /

Nuiiiln-]1
of skulls.

A vi-i :IL:<-
index.

Sciniiiole . . . .

1

58.33

Mimic taivrs

i

r.s iCi

( ';i 1 i tiiriiiillis

10

5" i\2

27

:>2 IS

I'ah Uttss

7

52 03

2

51 2!)

4

5 1 1 S

4

5M !K1

1

50 Cl

A pur lies .

6

•IIP. 55

('In1 ycnucs

1

17. 6B

1

17 Id

Tin- l.'ork Kill IV skull

1

*47 00

1

•43.60

•From Table LiXX.

The upper facial index of Virchow is soincti;.us •. -ailed " Oberkiqferindex," an excellent name,
for it is iudwed an index of height and widlh of the superior maxillary bone. Now if this shows
S. Mis. KJ'.t 13

194

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

narrow indices, and Kollmaim's method shows broad indices, it is evident that the cause is consid
erable lateral development of the malar bones.

$ 20. GERMAN PROFILE ANGLE.

In 44 skulls we have determined the German profile angle or Profilwirikel of the Frankfurt
agreement. We place these angles on record (tables xxxiv, xxxv) more for the advantage of
future students than for any benefit they may be to us in the comparative study of this collection,
since among the craniometrical literature to which we have access we find few data on this point.
The following table we have compiled from works of Wieger* and Tarenetzky,t including in its proper
order the average of the Salado series :

TABLE J. — German profile angle in various races.

Race.

N nni her
of skulls.

Average
index..

Russians (Tarenetzky)

184

87 70

Americans (Wie<rer)

15

85 21

Peruvians (included in Americans)

3

84 33

Europeans (Wieger)

15

84 13

Saladoans

44

83 25

Egyptians (Wieger)

19

82 31

Negroes (Wie*rer) . .. ...

16

80 52

These figures are somewhat contradictory to those of the guathic index of Flower, which is
designed to express the same character, still the relation of the Saladoaus to the Europeans is much
the same according to both systems of measurement.

The following is a table of profile angles taken from skulls of various races and tribes in the
Army Medical Museum and arranged in order from the highest to the lowest.

TABLE K. — German profile angle among various races, Army Medical Museum.

Races.

Number
of skulls.

Average
index.

Europeans .

12

86 25

6

84 75

Sandwich Islanders

6

83 66

North American Indians (exclusive of Salnrlonns)..
Saladoans

43
44

83. 51
83 25

Eskimos

10

82 60

Kij i Islanders

2

82 00

New Zealanders . ...

3

81 50

5

80 10

Australians

2

78.75

The "North American Indians" grouped under one head in the above table are divided into
their separate tribes in the following table, the Saladoaus being included in their proper order.

TABLE L. — German profile angle among American tribes.

Tribes.

Number
of skulls.

Average
Index.

Minnetarecs . .

2

86 00

Ponkas

4

86.00

Pawnees . ....

2

85.75

2

85.50

1

85 50

4

85 25

4

85 25

2

84 ''5

6

83 58

Pah Utes

6

83 25

44

83 '>5

Californians

10

79.55

* Die anthropologisclie Samrulung des auatomischen lustituts der Uiiiversitiit Breslau, bearbeitet von Dr. G.
WIKGKK, in Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Vol. xv, Supplement, 1885.

t Review of article by A. TARBNPTZKY, in Archiv fur Anthropologie, Vol. xvi, 1886.

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 195

NOTE OX THE MANNER OF TAKING Till-: (iKKMAN 1'KOFII.K ANGLE.

'I'll is measurement is taken by Spengel's craniometer, an instrument of great accuracy but of rather limited
usefulness. A close description of its mechanism is too long to be given here; for such «e rrlVr to IlnrlrxK'x l.i-hrbvch
ill i- /''<;»/i<(c/i('M- Aniitnm'n, /write Aiillagi1, Stuttgart, 1876, pp. 506 el seq.

It- is sufficient for our purpose to say that, as regards the facial angle, the eraniometer consists of a strong
metal table whereon the skull is placed vertex downwards with its right side lacing toward the operator and adjusted
in the plane of the Frankfurt agreement: and of a goniometer in a plane vertical to that of the table.

It is not often that the skull is sufficiently symmetrical to allow the four points, two supra-auricular anil two
suborbital, of the required plane to be placed in the same level. It is practically impossible in cases where this
may be done to then find t\u;points de rep! re of the sagittal plane vertically one above another. As the goniometer
is vertical to the table which serves as a fixed point from which to determine the desired plane, it is evident that
in order to use it, the points in the sagittal plane must be vertically disposed. Therefore we place the skull so that
the alveolar point is exactly above the nasion while both are on the midline of the machine and face the goniometer.
Care is taken to see that some points in the posterior part of the sagittal plane are also iu the midline. The skull
is then so adjusted that the supra-auricular and suborbital points of the right side, which, as stated, faces the operator,
are in the same horizontal plane. The goniometer is put iu position and the angle is read.

To sum up: The angle given in this report is, except in cases of skulls with the right side broken away, taken
with the skull in such a position that the sagittal plane is vertical and the right side of the Frankfurt plane is
horizontal.

J 21. GNATHIC INDEX.

In 39 cases we have been able to calculate the gnathio index of Busk and Flower, which is
found by multiplying the length of the basilo-alveolar radius by 100 and dividing the product by
the length of the busilo-misal radius. The results are shown in Tables xxxvi, xxxvn, and xxxviu,
in which we lind (according to Flower's classification) but two skulls (hat are prognathous (above
10,'$). There are 10 mcsognathous V9S to 103) and the remaining 27 are orthognathous (OS and
below). The minimum of the series is 88.78 and the maximum 110.11. The average, 05.92, is
orthognathous to a high degree and allows us, in respect to the character expressed by the gnathic
index, to class this people along with the highest European races.*

( losse states that one of the effects of the occipital deformation, such as these skulls exhibit
(tele (Icprimee par tlcrritn), is to diminish the projection of the lower part of the face.t Possibly
we may thus explain the marked orthognathism of the Saladoans. Nevertheless we fail to dis
cover any direct relation between the facial angle and the occipital contour in this group. Exceed
ingly flattened occiputs may be found as often among skulls having high as among those having
low indices, and the average index of the apparently normal skulls (94.10) is less than that of the
obviously flattened, when, as an inference from Gosse's proposition, we might expect it to be
higher.

$ 22. ALVEOLO-SUBNASAL I'KOGNATHISM.

The important character of alveolo-subnasal proguathism we have examined in 27 skulls,
according to the rules established by Topinard,f and we have tabulated the angle and the index
of this prognathism with the vertical and horizontal measurements which constitute the factors of
the latter. (Tables XXXIX-XLII.)

Skull II. 43 has the lowest index, 14.28, and the greatest angle, 82°. Skull EL 57 (Plate L)
has the highest index, 61.53, and the smallest angle, 59£°.

The average index of the series is 37.27° and the average angle 70.03°. In the tables given
by Topinard§ Americans arc not included. 11 is average index of the Malays, 37.42, is nearest to
that of the Saladoans, and the factors of the index are much the same, the horizontal being <>.."> in
both races. The Malay angle, 69.7°, though not the nearest to that of our collection, is but little
removed from it. The angle of the Polynesians. 70.8°, and the angle of the Indo-Chinese, 70.1°,
are nearest to that of our collection. Angles of other Mongoloid races, 72.(i to 7KO, are slightly
higher, and consequently may be supposed to indicate some evolutionary advancement. His
highest average Caucasian angle of 81.8 is not as high as the highest Saladoau, and his lowest
average Namaquois of 58.2 is lower than the Saladoan lowest.

*TOPINAKI>; op. cit., p. 94.

t Kssai snr Ics deformations artificielles <lu iT.-iue, Paris. |s.V>, p. 68.

t"l)u progmithiHiii alvenlo-sous-nasal." KYvne d'aiiihropologie. Paris, Vol. i, 1S7L', p. 6-12 etseq.

$ Op. cit., p. 668, and Elements d'authropologie, p. 888.

U)(j MEMO1KS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

$ 23. THE ORBITAL APERTURE.

Orbital apertures to the number of 38 have been measured according to Broca's instructions,
and the indices computed. (See Tables XLIII, XLIV.) Of this number but 2 come within the limit
of Broca's class of microseme, or orbit with a low index (below 83.0). These are in skull H. 1
with an index of 82.92, and in skull II. ±2 with an index of 81.81. There are 11 in the class of
mesoseme, or orbits with medium indices (88.9 to 83.0) ranging from 80. (il in skull II. 6 to 88.75,
in skull H. 13. The remaining 25 are megaseme, having high indices (89.0 and above). One orbit
skull II. 30, is as high as it is broad, having an index of 100, which is the maximum of this group.

In his monograph on the orbital index Broca gives average indices for GO tribes and divisions
of the human family.* Twenty-six of these are megaseme, and to this class all the American races
which he mentions, 15 in number, belong. Here, too, belongs our group with its average
index of 91. 10.

The people having an average index nearest to tha,t of our group are the Indians of our
Northwest coast (91.12), while the tlatheaded Peruvians (91.50), ancient Yucatecs (01.41), modern
Mexicans (90.82), Patagonians (90.81), and North American Indians in general (90.75) are not far
removed.

There are some items in the table of Broca. which seem to show that antero-posterior
deformation of the skulls tends to decrease the orbital index. Thus in nondeformed Peruvian
skulls the index is 92.20, while in the deformed it is 91.50, and in ancient Mexican skulls the non-
deformed have an index of 93.12, the deformed an index of 90.02. These are instances of
deformity from intentional frontal pressure (deformation relcvce). From the testimony of our
collection it does not appear that the accidental occipital pressure lias any effect. Of the 38 skulls
whose orbital measurements are recorded in the tables (XLIII, XLIV) 11 belong to the apparently
normal group. The average index of the latter is 91.06, which agrees closely with that of the
rest of the group.

J 24. NASAL CHARACTERS.

Nassal Index. — Forty-four skulls were in a sufficient state of preservation to allow the meas
urements of the nasal orifice to be taken. As will bo seen by the accompanying tables (XLV,
XL vi) the average is 51. CO, which would place them in the mesorrhinian division of Broca, i. e.,
where representatives of the Mongoloid races usually stand. The variation in this index is wide,
however, extending from leptorrhinian to extreme platyrrhinian.

Inferior border of nasal aperture. — The inferior border of the nasal aperture, echancrure, is of
a pretty high type, to judge from the meager statistics of other races to which we have access.
Topinard in his Elements (Tantltropologitf, gives six standards of comparison or classes for this
feature as follows: A, the sharp border; A', the slightly rounded border; B, the thick rounded
border; C, the border divided into two lips or sometimes three or level (plate-forme); J), the de
pressed border, first stage of the simian groove; E, the simian groove. These six variants are
named in the order of their supposed morphological advancement, A being the highest and E the
lowest. Elsewhere J in a monograph older than his last text-book he recognizes but five, types, -as
he had not then apparently made a distinction between A and A'. Hence, in the comparisons
which follow these forms are given both separately and combined. In our collection we find so
many grades of difference between these standards that it is often difficult to assign a specimen
to one or the other; our decisions are often arbitrary, still we do not think we could improve the
classification if we would and in all doubtful cases we have decided with special care.

In the Salado series among 48 nares in which the inferior borders can be studied we find them
divided as follows: Class A, 15; Class A', 13; Class B, 8; Class C, 6; Class D, 5; Class B,l. The
statistics given by Topinard are in numbers only. \Ve have computed them in percentages (as
we have also computed those of the Salado series), in order that we might more easily make com-

•* Keclicrchc sur 1'indicu orbitairc, Revue d'aiithropologiu, Vol. iv, 1875, pp. 016, 617.
t I'. 800 ft se<i.

\ I>n prognathisme atveolu-sous-nasal, iu RCVIKI d'smthr.. 1872, pp. 63J-630. Du Tiardiii/i-rieur </<•* ii<ii-iiii:x xiir le crane
etdenoaraeteret tleeupvrioritv et d'inferiorite <ju'il J'uurnit, iii Bull. Soc. antlir., 1881, pp. 184-192.

.MKMOIUS OF Til 10 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

197

pansous, notwithgtandingthat Topinard's series are very small, he reports on only twelve Mongolian
skulls and liis highest series, New Caledonians, numbers only 74.

The following table (M) is based on one in Topinard's Elements il'/ititliropolni/ie generate, p.
802.

TABLE M. — Inferior border <>/ nasal aperture in three races.

Class.

Aiivcruiiians.

S:il.nl<ians.

New Caleilo-

ili:ms

A

:V> 05

31 ''5

A1

"0 51

~>1 08

•' 70

A-l- V

y 59

58 33

2 70

H

'I 5S

16 67

2 70

c

i:; ii'i

r> r>o

10 "il

D

4 10

10 4''

E

0.00

2.08

20 27

The following (Table N) are percentages placed iu the order of numerical importance of classes
A+A' as they occur in various races. They are computed from figures given by Topinard*, Sala-
doans added.

TABLK N. — Inferior border of nasal aperture, Classes A+A'.

Race.

IVrci'iitau'i'.

Race.

Pcrcciitii.L'i1.

Lower Bretons

83.87

Malays

11 !MI

Auvor<riii:ins

72.59

Nubians

4 55

Saladnans

68.33

Other Africans

0 00

Mongolians

33.33

From the foregoing it would appear that the Saladoans come next to the Europeans, in the
prevalence of a high form of the feature under discussion, and that they are farther above the
Mongolians than they are below the Auvergnians.

Position of septum. — In 28 skulls in which the septum narium is preserved we find that it is
straight in 4,t deflected to the left iu 11, f and deflected to the right in 13.§

Anterior nasal spine. — We find cause for dissatisfaction in applying Broca's iustructions|| to
the description of this feature in the present series. We often encounter a long, sharp ridge
extending from the extremity of the spine downwards to the alveolar point; this ridge renders
spines which are very prominent when viewed from above or below quite subdued when viewed
laterally, according .to Broca's instructions. Thus, if it were not for the existence of such a ridge,
the spine of skull II. 8 would belong to class a of Broca, whereas with this ridge it must be placed
in class 1 (see Plate 8) ; but, as we have no other system of description than that of Broca, we have
employed it here.

Of 43 well-preserved anterior nasal spines we have '.> of class No. 1 or the least salient, 20 of
class No. 2, IL' of class No. 3, 1 of class No. 4, and but 1 of class No. 5 or the most salient. See
Table XLVii.

\axnl xynoxiosis. — In seventeen of these, skulls out of forty-two examined there is synostosisof
at least the upper part, of the internasal suture. The percentage then of nasal synostosis in some
degree is -K>..">. We refer to the upper end of the suture more particularly, because the lower parts
of the bones are often broken away. A partial synostosis of the suture at its lower end should^
not be reckoned in with the others, as it may be the result of some traumatism. Skull H. 3d is
probably a case of this kind, as its nasal index is very low and its nasal bones delleeted. It is
not counted in reckoning I he percentage.

' OIL ril. pp. «()!, 802.

tNow. II. 1, 11. 4, II. 22, and II. 29.

tNos. II. 7, II. 18, II lit, H. 21, H. 25, H. 27, II. 30. H. 32, H. 34, H. 41, an<l II. 45.

$Nos. II. ;!, II. 6, II, 8, II. 10, II. 11, II. 16, II. 17, II. 20, 11.35, H. 40, II. l:i, II. 14, and H. 56.

|| HHOCA : Instrin licii c raniologiqiu's ct, craniom£triqnea; I'aris, 1875; I'lanclie VI.

198

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

As it is not reasonable in the present state of our knowledge to regard nasal synostosis as
possible in children, we disregard four of their skulls, not letting them affect the figures either
way.

It is to be noted that there is a partial synostosis in H. 17, a young skull with the basilar
suture open and third molars uncut. This is the skull which is so very notable for showing utter
disappearance of the sagittal suture.

§ 25.— THE PALATE.

While we have taken four measurements of the palate and one palato alveolar measurement
we have computed only one index, that of Virchow, which depends on the palatal length, from
the inner alveolar border between the incisors to the point of the posterior nasal spine, and on
the palatal width, taken at the level of the second molars. This we find to be essentially a
maximum width, and we prefer in this case the directions of the Frankfurt agreement to those of
Topinard as being the more exact. The index is computed by multiplying the width by 100 and
dividing the product by the length.

In 32 skulls whose palatine indices we have been able to compute (Tables XLVIII, XLIX) the
minimum index is 02.74 — which indicates a very long palate — the maximum 84.01, and the average
72.94. Only 3 indices exceed 80, and, therefore, 29 out of 32 are leptostaphyliu or long-palate.
As none reach the figure 85 the remaining 3 are inesostaphyliu or median-palate, while none are
brachystaphyliu or short-palate.

This series may be said to throw no light on the question of the relationship between the
palatine and cephalic indices. It has been shown that iu some races a long palate goes with a
long skull. In the Saladoans we have a long palate associated with a short skull; but if we
admit that the skulls are shortened by artificial means applied to the brain -case, only, we must
consider even this negative evidence worthless.

With regard to a correspondence between the face and the palate our series offers better
testimony. All the faces, as expressed by their indices, are long; so also are all the palates.

Not only is there this general agreement, but there is to a certain extent an individual agree
ment in this respect. In order to elucidate this point we have prepared a table (O) given below,
in which we have selected for comparison with the palatine index the upper facial index of Virchow
for the reason that its table gives a larger number of examples than that of any other facial index.

In columns 1 and 4 of Table O, the number of the skulls are arranged according to the
ordination of the facial index but inversely, i. e., the skull having the longest face comes first, and
that having the shortest comes last. In columns 3 and G we give the order in which each skull
would come if arranged according to the length of the palato, for instance: Skull H. 27 has tlie
second longest face and the longest palate, while skull H. 19 has the seventh longest face and the
shortest palate.

TABLE O. — Relation of palatine index to upper facial index of Virchoio.

Place
(inverted) in
facial index
series.

No. of
skull.

Placu in
palatine index

series.

Place

(invfi ted) in
facial index
scries.

No. of
skull.

riace in
palatine index
series.

1

H. 14

9

12

H.2

10

2

H. 27

1

13

H.28

18

3

H. 43

7

14

H.4

20

4

H. 20 2

15

11.5

4

5

H. 10

5

16

H. 17

12

6

H.8

13

17

H.7

11

7

H. 1'J

22

18

H. 33

14

8

H.I

3

19

11.16

21

9

H. 11

6

20

H. 41

19

10 H. 40

15

21

H.50

16

11 H.45

8

22

H.29

17

In a glance at the above table it will be seen that the longer palates, whose relative position
is expressed by one figure, belong mostly to the first half of the series of 22, while those, having
the shorter palates belong to the second half of the series. The sums of columns 3 and G show

MBMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 199

this in another way. The sum of the numbers of ordination of the higher-faced half of the series
is little more than half the sum of the analogous numbers of the lower-faced half, the proportion
being 56.17 : 100. The most aberrant palate in the first half is that of skull II. 19; the most aber
rant in the second half is that of skull 11. 5.

A list of palatine depths is given in Table L.

$ 26. THE TEETH.

Dr. G. V. Black in the introduction to his article on "Dental Caries"* observes that "caries
of the teeth has been known in all historic, ages of the world, and wherever prehistoric human
remains have been discovered traces of this disease have been found. ' It seems to be and to have
been universal in the sense of affecting all nations and tribes of the human race. * * * It has
been thought that the savage races were not so much afflicted as the civilized, but my own study
of the remains of ancient peoples will not bear out this opinion. This research has, however, been
limited within comparatively narrow bounds — too narrow, perhaps, to serve as the basis of con
clusions. Unfortunately the literature of the subject furnishes no data that are of much value in
this direction, but what there are strongly support the statements made above. » * * The
studies I have been able to make in this direction indicate that the races of men that have eaten
largely of acid fruits have had less decay of the teeth than those who have been debarred by
their position or climate from the use of such articles of food. Generally those tribes that have
subsisted largely upon flesh and grain have suffered more from caries than those that nave had a
more exclusively vegetable or fruit diet. Our knowledge upon this point is, however, too meager
to warrant any lengthy discussion of it."

In the following study of the teeth of the ancient inhabitants of the Salado Valley we have
taken occasion to make accurate notes not only of caries but also of all deformities of the dental
arch, as well as the tuberculation of the superior molars. The materials afforded are fairly abun
dant and quite sufficient to institute an extended comparison in these respects with other races,
with whose remains the Army Medical Museum is so well provided. Unfortunately the materials
illustrative of those races whose diet consists exclusively of vegetables and fruits are not abundant
in our collections, and it has been deemed best to limit the comparisons to peoples subsisting
almost wholly upon flesh or upon a more mixed class of food. The series selected for this purpose
are as follows: A series of the Alaskan Indians, whose dietetic habits are well known and who
afford an excellent example of an almost exclusively carnivorous race; an unusually large series
of ancient dwellers of the Pacific coast region in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, whose food was,
in all probability, of a somewhat mixed character; a good series of skulls of Sioux, who furnish
a typical example of the carnivorous tribes of the plains; a series of the so-called mound builders
of the Mississippi valley; and a series of the ancient Peruvians, who lived largely on vegetable
food.

It is proper to state in this connection that only individuals at or below middle life have been
selected, since in those races where the wear is rapid, owing, perhaps, to grit contained in the
food, the pulp cavity is soon exposed, or the nutrition of the tooth is affected and disease is setup
which can not be attributed, properly speaking, to premature decay or caries. We have taken as
a mark of 7»iddle life the bony union or synostosis of the cranial sutures, either the sagittal or
coronal, and there can be little doubt that it is usually expressive of an age of forty or fifty years
Accurate comparisons beyond this limit are difficult, if not impossible, and are therefore not
attempted.

The Saladoans, so far as we are able to judge, were a sedentary people, who dwelt in cities
and subsisted almost wholly upon the products of the soil, which they extensively cultivated.
Indian corn, squash, and other vegetable products must ha\e formed the chief article of their diet,
although the presence of charred animal remains in the ruins of their cities indicate that flesh was
occasionally consumed. That their remains are pre-Columbian, and that their occupancy of the
Salado Valley extended over many generations appear to be well-established facts. As explained
iu our introduction, it Iris been pretty clearly shown that some of the modern I'ueblos are very

Hj-stcni .it' Dentistry, I'liiladrlpliia, 1886, vol. 1, p. 730.

200 MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

closely allied to them in both their habits and customs. Unfortunately paucity of material for the
latter precludes comparison of their dental organs, which there can be little doubt, would furnisih
additional evidence of value.

Caries. — The subject of dental caries among the ancient inhabitants of the Salado Valley forms
an interesting study, inasmuch as it furnishes us with an excellent example, of the effect of a given
kind of food operating for a long period in the production of tooth decay. It should not be for
gotten, however, that other influences may have been in a measure responsible for much of this
disease. Their skeletons generally show a remarkable prevalence of osseous disease, and if we
are to judge of them by their nearest living allies the lowered vitality of the whole race had at this
early date already begun to manifest itself.

Out of some 80 or more skulls we have been able to select 35 in which the sutures indicate
them to have been at or under the middle period of life. Of this number 18, or about 51 per cent,
exhibit caries, which in some instances has resulted in almost complete destruction of the teeth.
Among this number there are also 7, or 10 per cent, in which there has been loss of teeth and
absorption of the alveoli without any evidence of caries being present. Seeing the remarkable
prevalence of this disease it is but fair to presume that the loss of teeth in these 7 cases is also
due to decay which would bring the total up to something like 70 per cent. Out of the remaining
10, which show no evidence of caries, 2 were of very young persons, between 9 and 12 years, in
whom we could not reasonably expect to find the disease developed. If therefore these should be
excluded the percentage would still be further increased. Among those skulls beyond the middle
period of life, fully 90 per cent show caries and loss of teeth ; but of these we have not attempted
accurate comparisons.

Of the ancient Peruvians we have been able to examine a much larger series — GO in all —
wherein there was no bony union of either coronal, sagittal, or lambdoid sutures. In many of
them, as in all the other series, teeth had been lost after death so that doubtless in some instances —
where the skull has been considered in the category of " no caries" — if all the teeth were present,
caries would sometimes be found and the percentage would be thus affected. These cases, how
ever, would probably be few and little change would be necessary.

In this series there are some 8 or 10 examples in which teeth have been lost without any
evidence of caries existing. It is fair to presume that some of these at least if not all are the
results of dental decay. Out of the C6 there are 29, or about 44 per cent, which show caries, and if
8, in which there is loss, be added, we have the percentage brought to 50. It is proper to men
tion here that in this series at least half of the skulls examined were not accompanied by the lower
jaw, which if present would doubtless show caries frequently, where it does not occur, in the upper
jaw, and raise the average of dental caries in these people to at least 50 per cent, if not higher.
Respecting the food of these people the early chroniclers are very explicit and we can not do better
than quote Garcilasso dc la Vega, who has described it at considerable length. He says: "The
maize was the principal food of the Indians." They also ate vegetables of various species which
he enumerates and describes. Of their meat diet he says (Bk. vi):

The common people were in general poor in flocks (except in the C'ollao where they had plenty), and hence they
only ate meat when they received it as a, gift from the Caracas, or when, on some great occasion, they killed one of
tins guinea pigs they bred in their houses, called Ceo/,. In order to alleviate this general want the Yuca ordered these
hunts to take place, and that the flesh should be distributed among all the people. They made dried meat of it,
called "charqni," which kept good until the next hunt; for the, Indians were very abstemious and very careful in lire-
serving their dried meat. It would naturally be supposed that as there is so much water there would be
plenty of fish; but in reality there is very little. * * In the great lake of Titicaea, however, there are many
lish. There are several kinds of wild bees, but the Indians did not raise them in hives. The bees in tem
perate and hot climates, enjoying good herbage, make excellent honey, white, clean, and sweet. * * The
Indians value it much not only for eating, but also for several medicinal purposes.

V. de Xeres* tells us:
The coast people eat flesh and fish all raw, and maize boiled and toasted.*

* Quoted from the .Spanish historians in HEKBEKT SPENCER'S Descriptive Sociology, Division II, Part 1 B —
New York (18741).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

201

We have selected a series of 42 skulls of the so-called Mound- Builders of the Mississippi Valley.
These have been collected for the most part in Illinois. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Wisconsin.
Whether or not they represent a homogenous race has not been accurately determined; but it
appears to be pretty well established t hat they lived largely upon the products of the soil of which
inai/.e formed (lie chief staple. It is also probable that they subsisted to a certain extent upon lish
and game, but it is believed that they were tillers of the soil rather than hunters. An examina
tion of this series reveals 16, or .about ,'5S per cent, in which caries is present. Of the remaining 2(5,
in 4 cases there was atite-mortein loss with obliteration of the alveoli which, if due to decay, would
increase the percentage to about 47.

Passing now to the California, Coast Indians we find a people whose diet probably consisted
largely of fish, although it is well known that berries, grass seeds, acorns, and various vegetable
substances formed a part of their food. In this series of 38 skulls 5, or over 13 per cent, exhibit
dental caries.

Of the dwellers of the open plains we include, .">t skulls of the Sioux. As is well known these
people have lived for many generations upon an almost purely animal diet. The Buffalo, until re
cently furnished their chief staple of food, very little vegetable substance being consumed. Among
this number but •">, nearly 9 per cent, out of .'54, show any caries. These skulls were gathered over
twenty years ago while game was still abundant in the Sioux country. Those with carious teeth
are all from eastern bands who had, even then, begun to use the food of white people to some
extent.

Lastly we come to the Alaskan Indians, who were probably the most exclusively carnivorous
people in existence except the Kskimo. Out of 42 skulls examined we, have failed to find a
single case of caries, although abscess and premature loss of teeth are present in S cases.
We are inclined to believe that abscess and premature loss of teeth is more due to accident
and violence than decay. It has often been noted of these people that the teeth are extensively
used as a sort of vise for many operations, and it would not be at all surprising if they sustained
occasional injuries leading to the formation of abscess and not infrequent loss.

With this evidence before us it can not said that a meat diet is injurious to the teeth or a
vegetable diet especially beneficial.

TABLE P. — Dental caries among different American peoples.

Peoples.

Total
innnherot

HMlIU CX-

>. umber

caries

present .

NlllnlK-r
slmwiiiir-

(-:iri- >.

XllMlbr]1
loss u itll-

outcarii-8.

wkhoul,
loss.

Peropin :*;:<'
with loss.

Sal. 'Minims

35

•is

10

7

51.1

71.1

IVru \'i:nis

66

-"I

29

8

43. !l

56.0

Mound liuildtTs

42

16

22

4

38.0

47.6

( 'ali loniiii us

38

5

33

IS 1

Siouv

34

3

:!i

8 8

Alaskans

42

42

Deformity. — The malposition of the teeth or deformity of the dental arch is of very frequent
o-curreuce in the skulls of the Salado Valley people. Out of .'!(> skulls it is found to a greater or
less extent in KJ, making over .">.'! per cent. If we divide them up into incisor, cuspid, bicuspid,
and molar deformities we find that there are nine cases of malposition of the incisors, six in
which the cuspids are affected, live of the bicuspids, and three of (he molars. There is one
interesting case in which the canine of the left side had been displaced outward by the persist
ence of a milk tooth occupying a position between the lateral incisor and the first bicuspid.

There are many of these cases of deformity associated with caries of the teeth, more especially
in those situations favorable to the lodgment of particles of food. Deformity appears to have
been a fruitful cause of decay.

Among the Peruvians, out of (>~t skulls we are able to find only 7, or nearly 11 per cent, in
which there was any deformity of the denial arch. In these skulls the arch is well rounded and
the teeth are very regular, resembling in this respect the form of arch displayed by the Alaskans.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Among the Mound Builders, in a series of 41 skulls there are 6, or over 14i per cent, of which
nearly all referred to the incisors.

The series of Californiaus, 36 in all, exhibit but 4 deformities, or a trifle over 11 per cent.

Among the Sioux there were found 4 deformities of the dental arch in 34 skulls, or over 1H
per cent.

The Alaskan Indians on the other hand display a much higher percentage of deformity; for
out of 41 skulls 8 deformities were found, making nearly 20 per cent.

TABLE Q. — Dental deformity among different American peoples.

Peoples.

Tulal num
ber o!' skull-;
examined.

Number of
ukulls sliow-
iu^ dental
deformity.

Percentage
of
deformity.

Saladoans

30

16

53.3

41

8

19.5

Mound Builders

41

6

14.6

34

4

11.7

36

4

11.1

65

7

10.9

Tuberculation. — Prof. Cope* has recently called attention to the absence or slight develop
ment of the postero-internal tubercle of the second upper molar in certain races. According to
his researches the Eskimos generally have but three tubercles upon the grinding surface of the
last two superior molars, representing the tritubercular condition, while the Negroes and Malays
display four tubercles upon these teeth, which are, therefore, quadritubercular. These differences
are marked and very constant in these races and serve to distinguish two extremes of tubercula
tiou. Among the various tribes of American Indians, however, certain intermediate steps are
met with, which in the groups considered we have endeavored to represent by percentages.

Upon the first molar there are always four principal tubercles (two external and two internal)
and the grinding face of the crown is always square. 'In the Negro and Malay the second, and
not infrequently the third, molars are similarly constituted; but in the Eskimos the second and
third molars bear only three principal tubercles, of which two are external and one internal. The
internal cusp is large and crescentic in outline and covers the entire internal aspect of the grinding
surface; but it sometimes happens that a faint trace of the fourth cusp is present in the form of
a slight ledge or cingulum at the postero-internal angle of the crown. Those skulls in which the
second molar has its full complement of tubercles we have marked 4; those in which the tooth
displays a trace of the fourth cusp we have marked 3i, while those in which there are only three
tubercles we have marked 3.

Taking the Alaskans as the extreme of the tri-tubercular type we have in 43 examined skulls
2!), or over 07 per cent, in which the second molar bears 3 tubercles; 8 of the 43, or over 18 J per
cent, display traces of the fourth cusp, and G of the series, or nearly 14 per cent, have the fourth
cusp fairly well developed.

Out of a series of 71 skulls of the ancient Californians 44, or nearly (i2 per cent, are tritu
bercular; 15, or about 21 per cent, have traces of the fourth cusp, and 12, or nearly 17 per cent,
have all the tubercles developed.

The series showing the next highest percentage of the tri-tubercular type is that of the Mound-
Uuilders, in which out of 37 skulls 15, or 40 £ per cent, are tri-tubercular; 4, or nearly 11 per cent,
have the tubercles 3i, and 18, or over 48.J per cent, have all the tubercles present.

The condition of the second molar in the Saladoan skulls gives the following results: Out of
23 examples 9, or about 30 per cent, are tritubercular, and the remaining 14, or nearly 61 per
cent, are more or less quadritubercular.

Next come the Peruvians, iu whom 19 out of 53 skulls, or about 36 per cent, are tri-tubercular,
14 or nearly 26i per cent have the 3.J tubercle, and 20 or over 37£ per cent are quadri tubercular.

Lastly we come to the Sioux, of whose skulls 37 are represented in this series. In these 6 or

* Journal of Morphology, Boston, 1888, 1889, Vol. n, pp. 7, etc.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

203

over 10 per ceut are tritubercular, 18 or over 4SA per cent have tubercles 3i, and the remaining
or slightly over 35 per cent have four tubercles well developed.

From a careful consideration of the facts here set forth it would seem that the nearest allies
of the ancient inhabitants of the Salado Valley, if we judge from the prevalence of dental decay,
are the Peruvians ii] ion the one hand, in whom caries was almost as frequent, and the Monud
Builders of the Mississippi Valley on the other, who also suffered to a considerable extent from
tooth-decay. Whether we are to accept the dental condition described as indicating al'linity or
whether they are to be regarded as the effects of climate, food, and general habits of life we
are not prepared to say ; but it is more than probable that they have a certain value as express
ing race affinity.

The facts relating to the structure of the teeth themselves are important, and we are disposed
to attach more weight to them, so far at least as evidence of affinity is concerned, than to the
other two classes combined. The high percentage of the tritubercular second molar in the
Alaskan Indians, 07 per cent, is significant and betokens either much commingling or a very near
relationship with Eskimos. In a like manner the percentage of 02 among the Californians is sug
gestive of near affinity with the inhabitants of Alaska. The Mound Builders, Salado Valley
people, and Peruvians on the other hand are very closely related in this respect, as is indicated by
the percentages 40, 39, and 30, while the Sioux stand considerably apart from the rest with a per
centage of only 1C.

TABLE 14. — Tuberculation among different American peoples.

Peoples.

Total

number
of skulls
exam
ined.

Xinnlu-r
showing
:i tuber
cles.

Number

showing
:ii tuber
cles.

Number
showing
4 tuber
cles.

IVreentage
of 1!
tubercles.

Percentage
of :i»
tubercles.

Percent;!i:e

Of 1

tubercles.

Alaskans

•13

29

8

6

67.4

18.6

13. 9

( 'all ioriliallH

71

44

15

12

61.9

21. 1

16. !»

Mound Itnildtsrs

37

15

4

18

40.5

10.8

48.6

Saladoans

•_':i

'.1

1 1

39. 1

(ill S

Peruvians

63

19

1 1

20

35.8

26.4

o7. 7

Sioux

37

6

18

13

16.2

48.6

35.1

§ '27. THE HY011) BONE.
[By JACOB L. WOBTMAN, M. !>., Anatomist of the Army Medical Museum.]

The following study of the human hyoid arch has been undertaken with a view to the deter
mination of the more exact value of this series of bones in matters of anthropological research. The
subject has received so little attention at the hands of anatomists, especially from this particular
standpoint, that there is little or no literature upon it, and we are as yet in comparative igno
rance regarding the conditions and characteristics of this chain of bones, even in the best anatom
ically known races of mankind.

The history of this undertaking dates from the author's connection with the Hemenway South
western Archaeological Expedition to the valley of the Salado, Arizona, in 1887, whither he was
sent by the United States Army Medical M iiscnm to obtain a full series of skeletons of the ancient
dwellers of this region. While engaged in the collection of this material it was noticed that the
body or middle piece of the hyoid bone was almost always free, and that the separate pieces, of
which the hyoid arch is made up, seldom united into a single bone, even in the most aged indi
viduals. The hyoid, as the writer had been accustomed to see it in skeletons of whites and
negroes, consisted usually of a single I'-shaped bone, especially if the individual had passed the
middle point of lite; and upon consulting a few standard text-books on human anatomy which had
been taken into the field for ready reference it was found that this was regarded as the usual or
normal condition.

(t. The attention of Dr. Herman ten Kate, the anthropologist of the expedition, was called to
the subject, and together we- took accurate note of the probable ages, conditions of bone disease,
ete.,of all the individuals whose hyoids were secured. In all there were obtained some 07 speci-

204 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in ens of various ages, which are now preserved in the collection of the United States Army Medical
Museum at Washington.

Upon our return to Washington we searched the literature carefully for any statement that
would throw light upon the subject, hut were unable to find that anything had been said or written
upon the subject other than the general statements contained in works upon human anatomy.
We accordingly prepared a paper setting forth the principal facts, which was presented to and
read before the Congress of Americanists held in Berlin.

One of the chief difficulties with which we had to contend in discussing the general bearing
and importance of our discoveries was the lack of materials for comparison. Since then the writer
has been actively engaged in collecting materials illustrative of the characteristics of the hyoids
in the negroes and whites, and he is now in a position to discuss the subject upon a more accurate
basis. The sources of materials have been as follows : From Prof. Thomas B wight, of the Harvard
medical school, the Museum has received a record of 33 cases, of which 4 were black, 28 white,
and 1 of mixed Mexican and Indian parentage. These specimens were from individuals ranging
from 17 to 82 years of age, and include both sexes. From Prof. Towles, of the University of Vir
ginia, the Museum has received 12 specimens of hyoid bones, all from negroes, with the ages
attached. From Prof. Matas, of the Tulane University, New Orleans, there are 17 specimens, of
which 12 are from negroes, 4 from whites, and 1 from a Chinese. From a personal collection there
are 23 specimens, of which 21 are of colored people and 2 are of whites.

What may be considered as a typical hyoid arch of the higher mammalia is to be found in the
dog, Fig. 37, which is taken from Prof. Flower's " Osteology of the Mammalia." We prefer to follow
this author in the nomenclature of the several elements composing it, which
is essentially that proposed by Prof. Owen many years ago. In this AVC
observe first a central unpaired piece" or body, which is denominated the
"basihyal ;" from the outer extremities of this central piece two long slen
der rods of bone project backwards over the upper edge of the thyroid car
tilage and are called the " thyrohyals" or greater cornua. Near the junction
of the thyrohyals with the basihyal are attached the distal pieces of two
chains of bones which connect the basihyal piece or body with the temporal
bones of the skull. The first piece of this series, counting from the basihyal,
is the lesser cornu or "ceratohyal"; the second is the "epihyal," the third
is the " stylohyal," and the last piece, which finally joins the skull, is that
called by Prof. Flower the " tympanohyal."
FIO. 87._Brtmo«oW por- wbile thig mi ]lt be callcd the typical arrangement of the mammalian

tion of Jiyoiaeaxi apparatus of a

do-, tront view; ift, stylohyal ; liyoicl apparatus, it so happens that in many forms, including monkeys and
ek, epihyai; cii, coratobyai man, the complete bony connection between the basihyal and the base of

(these three constitute the ' . • li • i • f i

"anterior cornu"); bh, basi- the skull does not exist, owing either to the absence in tins chain of bones
hyai, or "body" of hyoid; t.k, of certain elements or their rudimentary condition. In this case a ligament
nu*™ [After Flower i may take the place of one or more of these elements, which in human anatomy

is known as the stylohyoid ligament.
Prof. Flower, in speaking of the human hyoid apparatus, says:*

The stylohyal, at first a long styliform piece of cartilage continuous with the tympanohyal, commences to
ossify by a separate center before birth, and at a very variable period afterwards is often ( but by no means constantly)
anchylosed with the tympanohyal and surrounding cranial bones, constituting the so-called "styloid process." This
is a condition not met with hi any other mammal. Below the stylohyal the greater part of the anterior hyoid arch
is represented by a slender ligament (the "styloid" ligament), there being no ossification corresponding to the dog's
epihyal.

This view has been generally accepted and it is now commonly taught that the epihyal element
of the dog is missing in the human hyoid arch.

A different conclusion upon this important point has been reached by Thomas (de Tours), t
who, in speaking of the human hyoid arch, says:

The body is the strongest piece of the entire apparatus. This is an osseous lamina curved in the form of an arc
Its anterior ];HT, very irregular, is convex from side to side and from above downwards, and is composed of two ob-

* Osteology of the Mammalia, p. 159. t Elements d'oste'ologie, Paris, 1865, p. 219, PI. x.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 205

little planes, the one anterior and inferior, and the other superior. The angle at which these unite forum a prominent
ridge directed transversely in the sense of the greatest dimension of the bone; the posterior lace is profoundly exca
vated. At each extremity it is articulated with the, thyroid coruua. These are two straight bon\ pieces directed
from before back wards a in I latterly flattened; their posterior extremities give attachment to the thyrohyoid ligament.
These pieces unite, forming an arc. to the circumference, of which the larynx is suspended, followed by the trachea
and lungs.

Each hyoid chain is composed of throe pieces, as in the preceding animals (dog and sheep) ; the lirst or superior
piece has the form of a very elongated cone with its base above and its summit below, its greatest dimension being
three centimeters. Its base articulated with the hyoid prolongation gives it a varying length. Its union with this
prolongation takes place at different periods, sometimes at thirty years, sometimes at sixty years. This union is to
be : Iways recognized by its nodular appearance, more or less distinct.

The second or intermediate piece has nearly the; same form as the first, except that it is much more slender; its
length is about two centimeters; its base articulating with the summit of the first piece at the middle of tlio liga
ment gives it a very variable length. From its summit proceeds the st\ lohyoid ligament, which terminates in the
third piece or small coriiu of the hyoid and forms a very acute angle with the greater or thyroid cornn.

This third piece has very often the form and size of a grain of barley, but sometimes it is elongated and styliform,
like the intermediate piece. It joins the extremity of the body of the hyoid in such a manner as to form an articula
tion common to it and the greater cornu. The stylohyoid ligament is composed of whitish glistening fibers possess
ing great elastic-it \ . 1 1 is very slender, tapering in its superior and swelling out in its inferior part, which is attached
to the small hyoid comu.

In I lie normal condition in man the superior piece of the hyoid chain is united by one extremity to the hyoid
prolongation and by the other to the intermediate piece. One then finds thostyloid process of authors. This osseous
stem, 4 or 5 centimeters long, knotted and sometimes curved and twisted, ends in a point, and in certain subjects
descends to the angle of the jaw.

It is this disposition, the union of the two superior pieces between themselves and with the hj oid prolongation
to form the styloid process, and the other part, the great distance between the preceding piece, and the third part,
a distance traveled by the stylohyoid ligament, which has caused the error of authropotomists and has led'thcm to
divide the hyoidean chain into two parts— the one which has been described with th« hyoid, viz, the small cornu
or third piece, and the other which has been attributed to the temporal, viz, the styloid process. They might have
easily avoided this error by studying comparatively the hyoid apparatus of man and animals. They might have
reeogni/cd that the styloid process of man represents the stem formed in the ruminant and in the carnivore by the
liist two pieces of the chain, and that in man the articulation at a long distance of the summit of the styloid process
with the lesser cornu corresponds to the disposition of the third much more movable piece, which descends from the
rigid rod to suspend the hyoid in animals.

Several authors in works on human anatomy mention the condition described by Thomas:
Meckel, in speaking of the temporal bone, says*

The muscular eminences and depressions are, first, the styloid process (prormtuit ntytuideux), at the posterior
extremity of the under edge of the pyramid: this varies much in length and sometimes exceeds two. This process
is sometimes entirely free and is often composed of several pieces — a curious analogy with animals.

In Gray's Anatomy it is stated:!

The styloid process varies in si/e and shape and sometimes consists of several pieces united by cartilage.

The writer's experience upon this subject is confined principally to observations upon the
adult skull. He has, however, examined a number of foetuses, in which lie lias always found the
Btyloid process to consist of but a single slender piece of cartilage reaching from the temporal
Inwards the basihyal. It is highly probable, that the failure to find the several elements described
was due to the age of the specimens examined, all of which were at or before full term.

The most favorable age to select is somewhere between the time when ossification begins and
twenty-five or thirty years. Unfortunately, in the, average museum specimen of this age the
styloid process has not been preserved, and all that one can discover is a short peg of bone wedged
in between the two lamina- of the vaginal process. In skulls of more advanced age, wherein the
several pieces have not only united with the skull but have, been joined to each other, it is not an
easy matter always to determine the, point of union.

In a large series of skulls in the collection of the Army Medical Museum (he following is the
most common condition : A short distance belo\\ or quite at. the edge of the vaginal process 1 here
is a considerable swelling or nodosity, and if the subject be not too old the remains of a suture are
discoverable at this point. Sometimes this nodosity is placed as much as a half an inch below I he

*J. K. Mi:< KI:I., Manual of I )e-.eriptive Anal .1 il'.nglisb Translation), London, ISoS. Vol. i( p. r,7.

t dray's Anatomy, 1S87, p. 144.

20(5

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

\

edge of the vaginal process paid sometimes quite within its folds. Below this nodosity there can
sometimes be seen a second swelling with the same evidences of a suture. Then, again, there are
many skulls iii which the first nodosity is present, and the process is terminated by a truncated

extremity, as if a piece had been attached to it, but had been
lost in preparation; and, finally, in some few cases the styloid
composed of three distinct pieces was observed, as described by
Thomas.

There can be little doubt that the part spoken of by Thomas
as the " hyoid prolongation " is the tympanohyal element of
Flower, which, there is good reason to believe, is variable in
length. There is also little doubt that not uncommonly there
is a distinct ossification intervening between the lower end of
the true stylohyal element and the ceratohyal piece, or small
cornu of the hyoid, which can not be accounted for upon any
hypothesis other than that it is the strict homologue of the
missing epihyal so constant in the lower forms. It would be a
matter of no little interest to determine the frequency of its
occurrence in the various races of mankind. (See Figs. 38
and 39.)

Passing now to the hyoid bone proper, we have to consider
the several elements of which it is composed. As is well known,
[After it is generally described in works on human anatomy as con
sisting of a single u -shaped bone, formed by the union of five
These are known as the body and the greater and lesser coruua. Although there does

FIG. 38. — Hyoidean apparatus of man,
Thomas.]

pieces.

not appear to be absolute unanimity of opinion among anatomical writers regarding the particular

time of life when these elements coossify, we can not do better than to

quote here the statements made by the leading anatomical authorities

upon this point.

Among the German anatomists Meckel, in his Manual of Anatomy,
says :

" The hyoid bones, or the hyoid bone, forms an arch which is convex forwards.
It is situated behind and below he niaxil ary, beneath the root of the tongue and
tile upper part of the iieck. It is generally considered a single bone, and is divided
into a central portion, or body and four horns, two upon each side; but as those
parts remain distinct throughout life it is better to admit five distinct bones, a
middle and four lateral. The inferior hyoid bones, or the greater coruua of the
hyoid, often vary considerably in form and size upon the different sides in the same
subject. They articulate with the central piece by a nbro-cartilaginous mass and
sometimes unite in the latter periods of life in one bone."

Henle, in his Human Anatomy, says:

" The great horns of the hyoid bone can also be connected with the body by joint. Many hold this to be the rule."

Hyrtle, in his Lelirbuch der Anatomie des Memchen, says, quoting from Meckel :

" The os hyoid is divided into central or body andtwo lateral cornua, which parts, as they are united by movable
articulation or by synehondrosis, and often in old age not eoossified, can be considered as so many different or sepa
rate hyoids."

Gegenbaur, in his Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, says:

"The great cornua often coossify with the body."

Hartmann, in his Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, says:

"The live parts of the hyoid bone articulate by movable joint at the small horns and withsyncbondrosis at the
large horns. In old age these parts are ofttimes anchylosed."

Krause, in his Menschliche Anatomie , says :

" The great horns are united with the body by cupsular ligament, and the joint is an amphiarthrosis. Very often
it is ouly a synchoudrosis."

Fio. 39. — Styloid process of man.
[After Thomas.]

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 207

\V, liter, Human Osteology, Berlin, 1798, says:

'• It i.s rare that the entire bone is ossified. It occurs only in very advanced ago."

The conclusion which one draws from these statements is that the great cornua of the hyoid
bone remain tree even in old age in the majority of examples upon which these observations have
been made, and all these authorities seem to agree that it is only at a very advanced period of life
that any of the hyoidean elements coiissify. Taking for granted that the observations of German
anatomists have been made upon German materials for the most part, one can safely say, if these
statements be correct, that this is the normal condition of the German hyoid.

French anatomists make a different statement. Sappey, in his Traite d'anatomie descriptirc,
18G7-'7:i, says:

"At 40 or 50 years, ofttimes before that period, the great cornua are joined to the body. The little horns are
also sometimes joined to the body, but only in old age."

Boyer, Traite d"1 anatomic, 1803-'9, says:

•'With ago the great cornua are joined to the body. The small cornua also unite, but this happens much later."
Cruveilhier, Anatomic descriptive, 1844, says:

" All the pieces are at lirst separated by considerable portions of cartilage, afterwards by a very thin layer, which
sometimes remains during life."

Portal, Cours (Vanatomie medicate, 1803, says:

" The borders of the body and the middle of the greater horns ossify first, but they remain epiphyses for a long
time, or separated from the body of the bone by a portion iiot ossified, and which hardens with age. The small
coruua remain still longer without ossifying; but in old age not only are all the pieces of the hyoid united, but the
stylohyoid ligament is ossified."

Beaunis and Bouchard, Nouveaux Elements (Vanatomie descriptive, 1873, say:

" The great cornua are sometimes united to the body by a true movable articulation . The small cornua are habitu
ally movable upon the rest of the bone."

One would be led to infer from these statements that the normal condition of the French hyoid,
allowing that the observations of the French anatomists have been made upon French subjects, is
the complete consolidation of all the live elements and, if Sappey's statement can be trusted, at a
comparatively early period of life, so far at least as the great coruua are concerned.

It is a difficult matter to reconcile these statements of the French, and German anatomists
otherwise than upon the ground of difference in the structure of the hyoid itself in these two peo
ples. It would be interesting to determine the truth or falsity of this supposition.

English anatomists agree more nearly with the French in their statements of the hyoidean
pieces. Flower, in his Osteology of the Mammalia, 1870, says of the human hyoid:

"The thyrohyals or great coruua of the hyoid bone are elongated, nearly straight, and somewhat compressed.
They usually become anchylosed before middle life with the outer extremity of the basihyal."

Iloldeu, Human Oxteology, 1885, says:

"Until the middle period of life the great cornua are united to the body by cartilage, but this ossifies in the prog
ress of age." •

H. Hyde Salter, in Todays Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, article, "Tongues," says:

" Ossification begins in the greater cornua; it then takes place in the body, where it begins soon after birth, and
liiijilly in the lesser cornua, where it does not commence until some time after. It proceeds but slowly, and gener
ally leaves a thin lamina of cartilage unossified, so that complete anchylosis into one bone is comparatively rare."

Krasmus Wilson, Human Anatomy, 1859, says:

" In early age and in the adult the cornua are connected with the body by cartilaginous surfaces and Iigamciitous
fibres, but in old ago they become united by bone,"

In Gray's Anatomy it is stated :

"In youth the eornua are connected to the body by cartilaginous surfaces and held together by ligaments; in
middle lite the body and greater cornua usually become joined, and in old age all the segments are united together,
funning a single bone."

•Morton, Unman Anatomy, 1849, says:

"Tin- eornua are connected to the body by a distinct movable articulation, which generally, however, becomes
auchylosed later in life."

208 MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Just how far the statement of any of the preceding- authorities is the result of individual
knowledge and experience, or to what extent the information \v;is drawn from previous authors,
or the number of cases upon which the observations were made, does not appear, and for this
reason the exact anthropological value of the .statements is diflicnlt to estimate. In order to
reach the question in a more definite manner we give the results of an examination of 32 specimens
of hyoids from whites whose ages are known. For this series the lowest limit in age taken is 35
years, which, although somewhat below the middle point of life, will yet be more nearly comparable
to the series of the Saladoans and the negroes which will be referred to later.

The sexes from which the specimens were taken are about equally represented; but the
nationality is riot given further than that they were white. Of these 21 show bony union of the
greater cornua with the body, and in 11 the coruua are free, giving a percentage of 65 and a fraction
for those that are joined. For 24 of the specimens the age given is 45 years and upward, and of
these 18 are joined and six are free, making a percentage of 75. A more detailed analysis of the
union and non-union is as follows: United upon both sides, 17; united upon the left side, 3; united
upon the right side, 1 ; both cornua free, 11. It may be remarked that in the remaining five
specimens under 35 years of age there is one (age 31) which shows union of one of the greater
cornua, namely, upon the left side. If this was added to the list the percentage would be increased
to (>(> and over. However, the percentage of 05 may be regarded as a fair expression of the
condition of the hyoid of the white so far as the bony union of the greater cornua is concerned.
In those of 45 years and upwards 75 per cent is probably a fair estimate of this condition.

Turning now to the negro, we have altogether a series of 35 hyoids which pertain to persons
of 35 years and upward. Of these 27 show bony union of the greater cornaa with the body and
8 are free, giving a percentage of 77 and over; 21 are joined upon both sides; 3 are joined upon
the left side; 3 are joined upon the right side, and 8 are entirely free. We have previously reported
upon a series of 25 negro hyoids,* in which the percentage of bony union of the greater cornua
was found to be <>6. If now we include these 35, we have a series of CO specimens in which the
mean percentage is 70. Of the 35 there are 12 of 45 years and upward, of which 10 are joined
and 2 are free, giving 83^ per cent. This examination does not take into consideration those cases
of mixed blood, since some of the specimens are known to be from mulattoes. Just how this lias
influenced the percentage is not easy to determine, but it is no more than reasonable to suppose
that it has had some effect, and may account in a measure for the close correspondence between
the white and the negro in the matter of union of the greater cornaa.

In the light of these facts we come lastly to consider the hyoids of the ancient Saladoans, of
which there are 97 in all, many of them being complete. Some of this number are not accompanied
by the skeletons to which they belong, owing to the advanced stage of decay in which they were
found rendering their preservation impossible. In all cases where the skull could not be preserved
a careful examination was made with a view to the determination of the age from the condition of
the teeth, the syuostosis of the sutures of the skull, and the angle of the jaw.

We have adopted the system of labeling them Young, Adult, Old, and Very Old. In the
category of "Young" we have placed all those specimens under the age of 21 years, or those in
which the last molar had not been erupted, the teeth themselves little worn, and the evidence of
epiphyses had not yet been obliterated. In the class "Adult" we have placed all examples in
which the teeth were fully erupted and all evidence of epiphyses obliterated, but which do not
show any bony union of the cranial sutures. In the class " Old " we have placed all those in which
the teeth are very considerably worn and the sagittal or coronal suture shows bony union. The
class marked " Very Old " we have made to include all those specimens in which the sagittal,
coronal, and lambdoidal sutures were synostosed, in which the teeth were entirely gone — their
alveoli being absorbed — or were reduced to inconsiderable stubs, and the angle at which the
horizontal ramus of the lower jaw joins the perpendicular portion was very open or obtuse. In
most of the examples of this class all the sutures of the skull had disappeared, indicating great age.

That part of our material in which the greatest amount of interest centers is, of course, in the
classes marked "Old" and "Very Old," and it is more than possible that a certain number of

* American Anthropologist.

MEMOIKS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 209

anomalies in the premature union of the cranial sutures, as well as the loss of the teeth and the
absorption of the alveoli, exist; but we are persuaded to believe that the series is a fairly typical
one and exhibits the normal condition of this race in these particulars.

It may be urged that the determination of age upon the basis which we have adopted is not
sufficiently accurate for purposes of this kind; but there are few anatomists who would hesitate
to pronounce judgment upon the age of a skull from the evidences which we have cited. At all
events, we feel that we are entirely within the bounds of reasonable judgment when we say that
the classes " Old " and " Very Old " pertain to individuals not under 35 years of age.

Of the class " Very Old" there are 13examples of thehyoid, in which union of the great cornua
with the body is found in 3. In these 3 cases the union is partial, for it is only upon the left
side that it exists. It should be stated that in 1 other of these 13 cases the hyoid is represented
by one of the great coruua only, so that it is impossible to say whether partial union existed or
not upon the opposite side in the case.

Of the class " Old " we have 44 specimens in which bony union of the great cornua with the
body of the hyoid exists on both sides in 2, on the left side in 1, and on the right side in 1, making
4 in all. Of these examples 9 are represented by one of the great cornua only, so that it is impos
sible to say whether partial bony union existed upon the opposite side or not. In all the 4 cases
in which partial or complete bony union is found we have discovered skeletal disturbances in the
way of exostoses, unusual anchylosis, etc., which would naturally lead to the belief that the union
of the hyoid elements was an abnormal condition as well. Be this as it may, however, it will be
seen that the percentage of union is very small. Taking both classes in which there are 7 coossi-
fications in 57 specimens, we have a percentage of only over 12 as against 65 and 77 of the white
and negro, respectively.

This difference is marked, and in our judgment can not be accounted for upon any other
hypothesis than that of a natural anatomical distinction which these people possess. In the
paper which Dr. ten Kate and the writer prepared upon this material we stilted at that time —

That owing to the lack of materials for proper comparison we are unable to make any satisfactory deduction
respecting the hyoid at this particular time, and what we hero note must ho regarded as merely a statement of fact
to he correlated in its proper place. * * If, on tho other hand, we are to accept the statements of many of
the anatomists we have already quoted, then we can say that the very high percentage of free Lyoidean elements
which we have found iu these ancient people distinguishes them markedly from some other races. If, again, it is
found that this condition of the hyoid is general in North American Indians, as well perhaps as some other races, it
would he interesting to know in what way, if any, it is associated with their language.

These surmises were probably correct, and there appear to be marked distinctions between
the hyoidean apparatus of these ancient Saladoaus on the one hand and the whites and negroes
on the other, a distinction which is indicated by the percentages already set forth.

In a series of 17 specimens recently received from the ancient cemeteries in the vicinity of
Zufii, New Mexico, there are 4 showing bony union of the great cornua and 13 are free. A careful
inspection of the skeletons to which they belong gives an indication of age from at least 35 years
and upwards. The percentage in this case is 23 and a little over.

From a few specimens (!) in all) of hyoids of the so-called Mound Builders there are 4 cob'ssi-
fications, giving a percentage of 44 and a fraction; but this series is too small to be of much value
to us.

Regarding the lesser coruua we have not devoted that attention to them that we have given
to the greater cornua and body of the hyoid: but if we are to judge from what Prof. Thomas
Dwight, of the Harvard Medical School, says, it would seem that they may be entirely absent. In
a letter transmitting the record of observations given above, he writes:

The result of the examination of the lesser horns is rather surprising, as it shows that they are very rarely united
to the body of the bone, that tho mode of connection with tho body varies, and that one or both may bo entirely
wanting. In only one of tho 33 hyoids were both lesser horns cdossilicd, and in only 4 others was a single horn thus
united. It is generally taught that the joint between the body anil lesser horn is synovial. This is certainly true
in many cases but not in all. Sometimes the lesser horn is attached by ligament, and at least in one case I have found
jt held by muscular libers. In other cases, owing chiefly to tho parts having become dry, it was impossible to decide
whether this was a true synovial joint or not. In several eases one or both the lesser horns were not found, and it
wcs not always possible to determine whether the absent piece had been lost or had never existed. It was, however,
S. Mis. 169 14

210 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

shown beyond question that one or both of these horns may be wanting. One was wanting in a girl of 17 and both
in a man of 55. In a woman, said to be 80, one was wanting and the other probably wanting. In a man of 37 and
another of 39 one was probably wanting. In a woman 50 and a man 55 both were probably wanting. When a joint
was found upon the body it was clear that the lesser horns had been lost, which occurred two or three times; but
the absence of a joint does not show beyond question that the horn was wanting as it may have been held by ligament.
It is thought most probable that where the entry has been made "lost or wanting," the bone was originally wiiuting.

We come now to consider tlie body of the hyoid boue, and we regret to say that the soft parts'
particularly the larynx, could not be included in this study since our material refers almost exclu
sively to the dry bone itself. The body of the hyoid in monkeyshas a distinctive and characteristic
form, which according to Flower* has a greater vertical than transverse diameter (see figs. 40 and
41). This form of the hyoid body is associated in many of the lower types of monkeys with a
membranous sack which occupies the concavity of the bone and protrudes between the lower edge
of the body and the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage. It was called the hyothyroideau sac by
Cuvier, and the succus mcmbranaceus by Wolf. It has an opening at the base of the epiglottis
and is said to sometimes communicate with the laryngeal sac which lies just above the vocal chords.
According to Eckhard,t this hyothyroidean sac is absent in the anthropoid apes, with the possible
exception of the gibbon. We are not sufficiently familiar with the anatomy of the larynx of the
anthropoids to state whether any rudiment of this condition is to be found in them; but it would
not be at all surprising if this eventually turns out to be the case. We are led to infer that the
true significance of the great depth of the body of the hyoid in the monkey is to be explained
primarily upon the basis of this sac, whatever its function may be, and that the depth of the body
in proportion to its width furnishes an index of this distinctively simian feature, which we propose
to call the basihyal index.

A/I,

Flo. 40. — Hyoid of baboon; bh, basibyal; th, thy- FIG. 41. — Hyoid of an American monkey; th, thyrohyal;

rohyal. [After Flower.] ch, ceratohyal; eh, epihyal. [After Flower.]

It is therefore with no small amount of interest that we come to examine this question in the
light of our present material. We have been necessarily compelled to limit our researches to the
Negro and Saladoan, for the reason that our materials have proven insufficient as regards other
races, which are therefore not included. Some difficulty has been experienced in determining just
where the measurements should be taken in case the greater cornua are coossificd with the body,
which is, as we have seen, the usual condition of the adult Negro hyoid. After careful attention
to this point we have determined upon the following measurements : The vertical depth is obtained
by placing the bone flatwise upon its posterior surface and measuring with a pair of calipers or
other suitable instrument its greatest diameter in this direction. The transverse diameter is taken
by placing one arm of the dividers upon the point of union of the anterior ridge with the lingual
or superior border and measuring to the corresponding point upon the opposite side. In some
instances the anterior transverse ridge is not well defined and the point where it terminates is not
easily made out. In such cases, if there- remain any traces of the suture joining the great cornua
with the body we measure from this suture where it crosses the superior border to the same point
upon the opposite side.

Among the Saladoans the bodies are mostly free and we have had little difficulty in determin
ing the proportion of the depth to the width. In one instance we measured the greatest diameters
and found that the proportion of the depth to the width is 52 per cent and a fraction in 45 speci
mens. In the same series measured between the points indicated above for the transverse diameter
the proportion is 54 per cent.

* FLOWER: Osteology of the Mammalia, p. 140.

t MULLEH: Archiv fiir Auatomie and Physiologie, 1847, p. 44.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

211

In a series of 36 negroes the proportion of the depth to the width is 65 per cent and a fraction,
or between 11 and 12 per cent more simian. In one case (Fig. 42) the proportion goes as high as
90 per cent, while 75 per cent is not at all unusual in the series.

In the few specimens of the white hyoids which we have the proportion seems to be about 50
per cent, although we have not been able to determine this with any degree of exactness. (See
Fig. 43.)

Fio. 42.— Anterior and Posterior views of negro hyoid.

Iii conclusion we will say that in the present state of our knowledge it is well-nigh impossible
to give any intelligent explanation of the facts which have been set forth above, with the possible
exception that the greater basihyal index of the Negro is to be accounted for on the basis ot his
nearer relationship to the monkey. Regarding the coossification of the greater cornua with the
body little can be said, but it might be suggested that, since the chief function of the hyoideau appa-

I'lO. 43.— Anterior and Posterior views of European hyoid.

ratus is the support of the muscles of the tongue, one would be led to infer that it has something to
do with language. It is snpposable that in those races where rapid talking and much talking was
the rule the hyoidean elements would coossify early, while among those people who speak slowly,
deliberately, and comparatively little, the hyoidean elements would unite late in life, if at all. The
complexity and modification of sounds depending largely upon the use of the tongue would also
furnish sufficient reasons for early or late coossiflcatiou.

$ 28. INDICES OF THE LONG BONES.

The indices of the long bones (Table LI) which have been taken are the antibrachinl and the
tibio-feinoral. The measurements from which these were computed have been taken by means of
the planchc osteomctrique in use in France and according to the directions given by Topinard.*
These directions require that all the bones except the tibia shall be so measured as to obtain their
maximum length. The tibia is measured from the superior articular surface to the internal mal-
leolus; thus the length of the intercondylar spine for the insertion of the cruciform ligaments is
subtracted. The measurements have been taken with great care and are correct to a millimeter.

The indices are reckoned by means of the following formula}: For the antibrachial index the
length of the radius is multiplied by 100 and the product divided by the length of the humerus;
for the tibio-femoral the length of the tibia is multiplied by 100 and the product is divided by the
length of the femur.

Very few of the skeletons have complete sets of long bones. In many cases only one remains
whole. Therefore, in order to obtain the greatest possible results, we have adopted the following
plan :

Method I. We compute the indices from bones belonging to the same limb of the same skeleton.

•TOFINAKD, op. tit., p. 1033.

212 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Method II. Not having in a given case the material to do this, owing to the absence of one of
the necessary bones, we use the calculated average length of the missing bone in place of the factor
which the peculiar length of it would constitute if it were present. For instance, suppose we
desire to calculate the antibrachial index for a limb of which the radius is missing, we multiply the
average length of all the radii by 100 and divide the product by the length of the humerus; and if
the humerus, instead of the radius, is missing, we multiply the length of the radius by 100 and
divide, the product by the average length of the humeri. Kelatively corresponding formulae, are
used for the posterior limb.

Thus we obtain two sets of figures, one which definitely states the relations of the bones in
a given in dividual to whose skeleton both bones belonged, and one which states that a bone of a
certain individual bears such and such a relation to the general average of certain related bones,
whatever they may be, of his race.

In the synopsis (Table LII) giving the average osteometric indices the results obtained from
the complete limbs by method I are given first, then those obtained by method 11, namely, by the
lengths of the bones compared to the averages. These two groups of figures, which sum up with
very little difference, are then combined to give a general average for the race. In each of these
groups of indices there are three subdivisions, one for the right side, one for the left, and one for
the total of both sides. The figures found at the bottoms of the columns of individual indices are
the totals obtained from both methods. They reappear in the synopsis.

The extremes of the indices obtained by method n are preposterous and should be allowed
no weight in discussing the variations in relative length of the segments of the limbs. The cause
of the great variation in question is almost self-evident. They are from those cases where the
individual was much above or much below the normal stature of the race. The cases where the
index upon one side of a skeleton is calculated from two of its own proper bones, while upon
the other side it is calculated from the relation of a bone's length to the average, often gives a
startling difference between the right index and the left index, for which the above explanation
accounts; but when we come to the average indices all these difficulties disappear and the figures
obtained by method n come close to those obtained by method i. This we regard as sufficient
justification for the adoption of method n as a means of increasing the number of individuals
with whom our figures deal.

The reader is liable to think that he finds some obscurity with regard to the number of indi
viduals concerned in the combined right and left or total index obtained by method n, and the
same index obtained by methods i and u combined. Taking the aiitibrachial index as an instance)
however (see Synopsis of Indices, Table LII), the cross line beginning with the words "computed
by method n" and giving the number of total indices as 15 must not be read as if it ought to
mean that there are 15 indices of each side combined to form a total of 15 indices of both sides
but that the index derived from combining the aggregate of each side represents the average of
a sum which consists of 30 factors.

A reference to the tables of antibrachial and tibio-femoral indices in Topinard's Anthropology*
will show that the variation per cent of these indices is small. His minimum and maximum of the
antibrachial index are 69.8 in a male Eskimo and 81.7 in a female Andamanese, respectively ; hence
only 11.9 per cent — this, be it noted, between individuals, not between racial averages. The tibio-
femoral index varies from 78.G in 9 male Esthonians to 89.0 in 1 female Negrito, or 10.4 per cent.

The maximum and minimum of series which contain five or more (individuals or limbs ?)t are
as follows: For the antibrachial index the maximum is 79.0 in 32 male African Negroes, the mini
mum is 72.4 in 20 female Europeans. For the tibio-femoral index the maximum is 84.4 in 10 African
Negresses, the minimum is 80.2 in 5 male Chinese.

Continuing our study of Dr. Topinard's tables, we find that the sexual differences with regard
to these indices are not great. As to the antibrachial index, the sexual difference ranges from
0.1 in Europeans to 3.0 in South Americans, the males having the higher index in each case. As
to the tibio-femoral index, the sexual difference ranges from 0.3 in Europeans to 1.5 in negroes, the

*TOPINAKD, op. (At., pp. 1043-1045.

t Probably individuals. (See TOPINARD, op. cit., pp. 1043-1045.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 213

mules having tlie higher index in the first case and the females in the second. \Ve believe, there
fore, that the sexual difference is not sufficient to impair the value of the averages derived while
combining the sexes from a relatively large series. Hence we do not state the sexes upon onr
tables. Indeed it is less our policy to investigate the sexual and other intraracial characteristics
of this people than to accumulate facts and distinctions dealing with their place in the human
series.

The relation between the antibrachial index and the tibio-femoral ' index, as shown by Dr.
Topinard's tables, may be, if we are permitted to borrow a term from craniology, harmonic or
tlinharmonic. Thus both indices may be large or small; in that case the relation is harmonic, or
one may be large and the other small; in this case the relation is disharmonir. Harmonic, indic.es
are the rule. Topinard calls attention to disharinonic indices in saying:

The Chinese, who have an elevated antibrachial index, have a low tibio-femoral index. The HiiHhinen. who
have a low antibrachial index, have a relatively elevated tibio-femoral index.

We give (Table LIII) those of Dr. Topinard's figures, which deal with 5 or more cases, for
comparative data. His own comment upon them that they "rest upon too few cases" should,
however, be borne in mind.

It is considered by comparative anatomists that increasing length of the second segment of a
limb as compared with the first segment is, when found in man, a low character. This opinion is
grounded upon the knowledge of the relatively great length which the radii and tibise of anthro
poid apes bear, respectively, to the humeri and femora. The criterion thus established places the
Saladoans well toward the foot of the human scale. With regard to the antibrachial index they
stand next to the bottom of -the scale, between the Chinese, Auuamites and Javanese above and
the African negroes below, and removed three places, or 2.72 per cent, from the South Americans.
With regard to the tibio-femoral index they stand at the bottom of the scale, next below the
South Americans. These latter, therefore, we note in passing, seem to have quite disharmonic
indices of the long bones, which the Saladoans certainly have not.

As will be seen from a glance at Table LIU, where we give extracts from Topinard's figures
and insert our own data for the Saladoans in their proper places, the characters derived from the
study of the long bones must be called discordant or "out of the series" by those anthropologists
who insist that all data of a true scientific value shall group themselves in a scale having a Euro
pean at the top, a Chinaman in the middle, and a Negrito at the bottom.

$ 29. THE SCAPULAR INDEX.

Owing to the greatly damaged condition of the skeletons, only fifteen adult scapula; were in a
sufficiently good state of preservation to be submitted to the measurements of length and width
required for computing the scapular index. Of these, nine are right scapula* and six are left scap
ula;. The maximuTii index is 81. GG; the minimum, 05.21, both found on the right side. The aver
age for the right scapula? is 71.42, and for the left 70.61. The general average is, then, 71.09 for
the whole series.

Here again we find the Saladoans occupying a low position in the human series.

The following extract from Flower and (Larson's* figures on the subject exhibit the position of
the Saladoans, whose index we insert with reference to certain other peoples.

KaVcs. Indices.

B Tasmaniaii scapula; GO. 8

200 European scapnl.-e 65.2

0 Hushmen scapulie (iG. 7

12 Australian scapula' 68.9

21 Andaman scapula; 69.8

l~> Saladoan scapula; 71.0

6 Negro scapula; 71. 7

But it is probable that the distinctive numerical grades of value of the scapular index differ
from one another by so small degrees that large series must be measured in order to obtain figures

" FLOWKH and GAKSON : On the scapular index an a race character in man. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,
London, 187i».

214

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

sufficiently valuable to justify a conclusion. Indeed, if we rightly interpret the spirit of previous
writers upon the subject, we should be inclined to believe that the series of Europeans given
above is the only series large enough to be of undoubted value.
Broca* says:

* * * There is but a very slight difference between the human average and the averages of the great anthro
poids, a difference so feeble that it disappears often when one considers, instead of the averages, the individual
cases. •

§ 30. TORSION OF THE HUMERUS.

Notwithstanding the opinion of Topiuard, that the angle of torsion of the humerus gives " a
good zoologic character and a bad anthropologic character,"! we have determined it in all the
Immeri of this collection (41 in number), in which the necessary guiding marks as laid down by
Brocaf were found intact. Of this number 21 were from the right side and 20 from the left; but

there were only 15 complete pairs. Of the lat
ter 0 pertained to female skeletons, 5 to male
skeletons, and 4 to skeletons of undetermined
sex. Of 0 right unpaired humeri 2 were male
and 4- of undetermined sex. Of 5 left unpaired
humeri 1 was male and 4 of undetermined sex.
The degree of torsion was ascertained by
a graphic system analogous to that employed
by Lucae and Welcker,§ but by means of an
apparatus different to theirs, which was devised
by Dr. J. C. McConnell, of the Army Medical
Museum, and is shown in Fig. 44.

It is a modification of the apparatus men
tioned in § 3 and illustrated in Fig. 23. The
periglyph (Fig. 24) is employed and the tracings
are taken on varnished glass, inked and trans
ferred to paper in the manner described in § ?>.
The frame (a, a, a) is much the same in both
apparatus ; but in the one now under consider
ation we have in the center of the frame a
revolving stage with a clamp for holding the
humerus.

Four long distinct parallel lines are drawn
on the stage at right angles with its axis — one
on each side of the clamp — on both the upper

Fio. 44.- Apparatus for .letenninliiR torsion of the humorus. and lower Surfaces, tllOSC Oil OllC Surface being

exactly vertical to those on the other.

The angle of torsion is obtained in the following manner: Indicate on the humerus the axial
lines of its two extremities. Secure the bone in a vertical position at the middle of the shaft by
means of the clamp, let us say with the head of the humerus upwards at first; make a tracing of
the head by means of the periglyph (c) on the varnished glass (d), being careful to include a
tracing of the axial line and the parallel lines drawn on the stage. Invert the stage by turning
it on its axle, inverting at the same time the bone and bringing the lower surface close to the
varnished glass, where the outline with the axial and parallel lines may be sketched with the
periglyph as before; ink the tracings and transfer to the paper in the manner described in § 3.

*P. BKOCA: Indices do Largeur de 1'omoplate. Bulletins do la Socie'te' d'Anthropologie, Paris, 1878, p. 77.
t Op. cit., p. 1048.

t La torsion de Fhumerus. Revue d'Authropologie, Paris, 1881. T. 2 serie, pp. 389 et seq.

$ LUCAE : Die Stellung d<;s Humeruskopi'es zum Ellenbogeugelenk beim Europiter and Neger, in Archiv fiir
Anthropologie, 18(i6, I, p. 237 et teq.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

215

In making: the- transfers to paper superimpose one sketch on the other in such a way that the
axial lines shall cross or touch, and the parallel lines shall exactly coincide. Apply the protractor
and read off the angle of torsion.*

In every case where we have applied this method we have, as a matter of record and identi
fication, drawn the outlines of the extremities, an easy task ; but it would have been sufficient to
draw only the axial and parallel lines.

Figure 45 shows the character of the tracing. The outline of the head is broadened in order
to distinguish it more plainly from that of the opposite extremity.

The general results of our measurements are shown in Tables LV to LVIII, inclusive, and in
diagram shown below. Tables LIX and LX give the angles of other humeri in our Museum. A
number of tables prepared by Broca and Manouvrier have been
consulted which, though the measurements were taken by a dif
ferent process, will, we believe, admit of comparison with our
results. From all these sources the following facts are collated:

A statement of Broca's,t based upon abundant data, is that the
average torsion is greater in females than in males, and his Table
D shows that not only in the general average, but that in the
average for each side the female exceeds the male, there being
but one insignificant exception in the series of Californians. In
this respect the Saladoans seem to be at variance with the rest
of the human race. In Table LVIII it will be observed that hu
meral torsion in the males is greater on both sides, and therefore
greater in the total average, than it is in the females.

Another conclusion of Broca'sJ is that in nearly all the series
(studied by him) the left humerus is, on an average, inore twisted
than the right; such, too, is the evidence of our general collection
(Table LX) even with regard to American races. In the Salado
skeletons, on the contrary, the average is almost the same on both
sides, that of the right being slightly in excess of that of the
left. Among the humeri in pairs, also, there is a slight excess on
the right side. The variation, too, is greater on the right than
on the left side in this series, the former showing both higher and
lower angles than the latter.

In 75.8 per cent of Broca's series the maximum of torsion is
on the left side.§ Here again the Salado series ranges itself
with the small minority. Not only the maximum but the highest
three angles are found on the right side. It belongs to the majority, however, with regard to the
minimum, which is on the right side as in 72.4 per cent of Broca's series.

In comparing the, liumeri of this series (Table LV) with those of our general series (Table LTX)
we discover that three angles of the former (177°, 174°, 174°, all dexter) are higher than the maxi
mum of any other race except the French, and that they are higher than several of the French
angles. If we study this series in connection with IJroca's Table C, || in which is given a list of 2!)
series, comprising the most varied races in the world, the maximum angle of the Saladoans would
still seem to have the same relative importance — standing next to the. French.

The average torsion of the left humerus (159° 30'), the average, of the right humerus (159° 45'),
and the average of all the humeri (159° 30' + ) are higher than the corresponding averages in any
series (representing more than one individual) of our collection except the French and Lapps.

Fm. 45.— Tracing showing torsion of hu-
merlin.

"Journal of Anatomy uml Physiology, vol. xxr, ]>. 536.

t I. a lorsicm <lc I'limnerus. Revue d'Anthropologie, 2" Sfirie, T. 10, 1'aris, 1881; pp. 577 et arq.

tZoc. cit., p. 383.

$ /.'»•. ,-il., p. 584.
|| J.ov. ci/., ]>. .">s:(.

216 MEMO IKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Diagram showing the difference between angles of torsion of right and left humeri.

178

i

177

»

176

/

175

i

174-

c-

—r

9

173

/

/

172

—

•

171

»

170

/

/

IJ59

/

r

/
/

g-

J

168

r

/ .
;f

167

j

7

166

//

•

i

=«a

165

/

/

i
/

164

/

163

.^

162

/

"X

j

/

161

•-

r

„•-

^

I6O

//

,«x

159

n

r/

158

^~

-•-,

3

157

•x

•=

./.

2

156

r
/ .%

/

155

•-

^

fc^

9

154

'/

A

/

153

/

/.

^»

I5E

/
•

/

151

fa

/»
&•

ISO

149

/

1

148

•'

•

^

1

147

7

(

146

.'

145

RIGHT

1

£

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

i

12

13

14-

15

16

17

18

19

2C

21

LEFT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

A.VERA*
OFPAIRS.

3E

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

II

12

13

14

15

Dotted line = right ; single line = left ; double line = both.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

217

They are also higher than any of the averages in Broca's Table B,* except the modern Europeans
and some of the ancient Parisians. They are higher than those of the French of the Polished
Stone period. This Table B of Broca's shows 29 series, representing the most diverse races of the
world, and is therefore an excellent basis for comparison.

§ 31. THE OLECRANON PERFORATION.

Iii the prevalence of the olecranou perforation the ancient inhabitants of the Salt River Valley
stand, so far as we can learn, at the head of the human race. The following table shows the per
centage of this anomaly in 24 series, of more than 15 humeri each, representing many different
races and periods of time and arranged in order from the highest to the lowest percentage. It
will be seen that the ancient Saladoans stand easily at the head of the list. We might have
enlarged this table from our researches into the literature of the subject and by including smaller
series, and yet have given no race precedence over the Saladoans.

TABLE S. — Showing percentages of olecranon perforation in different peoples.

' Num
ber
of
hume
ri.

Nuni
her
of
fora
mina.

Per
cent.

Authority or rolltictiun.

Race or source.

89
150

30

48
69

53.9
46

36.2

U. S. Army Medical Museum
Bulletins <le la •Soeiete' d'Anthrnpologie. Paris,
1878, Vol. I, p. 433.
Topinard, Elements dJAntliropologieG6ii<3rale,

Ancient Saladoaus (Heinenway collection).
Guanclies, Canary Islands (Vernean).

Yellow and American races.

32

34.3

p. 1016.
do

Polynesians.

80

31.2

do

From Indian mounds in the, United States (Wv-

20

6

30

Private collection of Dr. I). S. L:tml»

man).

62

17

27.4

U. S. Army Medical Museum

mulatto.

122

25. 6

Topinard, fill-merits d'Anthropoloffie G4n4rftlfl

Guanches of Canary Islands.

156

21.8

p. 1016.
do

97

21.7

do

Stone period).

61

12

19.0

U. S. Army Medical Museum

28
30

14.1
12.1

Tupinanl, Elements d'A&thropologie Generale,
p. 1016.
do

Melauesians.

66

10 6

do

388

10.6

do

Stone period).
Dolmens of La Jjo/.ere (Polished Stone period).

288

22

7.9

U. S. Army Medical Museum

Pathological specimens, mostly from white sol

27
16

2
1

7.4
6.2

Bulletins de la Socirte d'Anthropologie. Paris,
Vol. v, p. 640.
U. S. Army Medical Museum

di era.
From Chamont (Stone age).

American negroes and mulattoos.

200
96

5

5.5
5.2

Topinaril, Klemonts d'Ant hiopologie Generate,
p. 1016.
U. S. Army Medical Museum

Parisians from fourth to twelfth centime*.
Modern American Indians.

150
218

4.6
4. 1

Tnpiiiiircl, Elements d'Anthropologie Genet-ale,
p. 1016.
.do

Parisians, Cemetery of the Innocents (Hantyand
Sanvage).

52

2

3.9

Kevno d'Anthropologie. Vol. ix, p. 147

lard).
Europeans of America (Wvmaii, Poahodv Mu

30

0

0

Topinnrd, Elements d'Anthropologie Gencrale,
p. 1016.

seum reports).
Loug barrows of England (liron/.e age).

Perhaps some of the perforations were not counted. The bones of the Salado series, as before
remarked, were very fragile, and the thin partition between the fossa1, of the huincrns was some
times broken by accident. Pains were taken to distinguish between the natural and the accidental

*0p.

>. 582.

218

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

perforations. There was usually no great difficulty in doing this, as the margins of the former
were smooth and bounded a fenestration, regular or subregular in shape — often oval, while the

irregular and fractured character of the margins of the latter
was readily discernible. But it is probable that bones once
perforated naturally were afterwards perforated post-mortem
by fractures which included the natural fenestratioiis, or that
the smooth edges of natural openings may have been abraded
so as to give them the appearance of accidental openings;
such cases would be excluded from the list.

Not only is the perforation more common in this than in
any other race, but, as far as our observations among the va
rious series in the Army Medical Museum teach us, the num
ber of large perforations is proportionally greater. Such, at
least, was the impression gained during the examination ; but
we did not determine this by actual measurement. Fig. 46
represents, natural size, the lower extremity of a left humerus
of an ancient Saladoan in the llemenway collection. It exhib
its an olecranon perforation 11 milimeters in length by 7 in
width.

The following table of five series in the Army Medical
Museum shows that the perforation is more commonly found
on the left side than on the right; yet even in this particular
the Saladoans differ much from the rest of the races. While
with them, as with others, the perforation is more commonly
found on the right side, the difference between the two sides
is not so great. This is shown in the last column of the table.

The subject of the olecrauon perforation has been so ex
tensively discussed* that we deem it well to do little more
than give the results of our studies of the Hemenway series
and other series in the Army Medical Museum, and indicate how our discoveries bear on the whole
subject.

TABLE T. — Slwwing percentages of olecranon perforation, on the right and on the left aide, in differ
ent peoples.

FIG. 46.-

-Lower end of humerus showing large}
olecranon perforation.

Eight.

Left.

Proper-

Race or collection.

Number
of
hmneri.

Number
of
foramina.

Per cent.

Number
of
bumeri.

Number
of
foramina.

Per cent.

right to
100 left.
Approx
imate.

43

19

44.1

46

29

63

70

Indian mounds United States

35

7

20

27

10

37

54

30

2

6.7

31

10

32.2

20

Dr. Lamb's collection, mostly negix/and mulatto

11
160

2
6

18.1
3.7

9
138

4
16

44.4
11.5

40
32

Total

279

36

12.9

242

69

24.3

53

We will attempt neither to cite the various theories which have been proposed to explain the
nature and origin of the perforation, nor to quote the many arguments advanced to sustain these
theories. We will merely announce that we are among those who believe that the perforation is
not congenital but acquired; and that it has no connection with the rank a people may hold in the
scale of races, but is the result of some mechanical cause connected with their occupations. We
believe, furthermore, that it results from repeated and forcible extension of the forearm, in which
the summit of the olecranon process of the ulna impinges against that thin bony partition which

' For a synopsis of the discussion and a bibliography of 49 titles, see
Lamb, in The American Anthropologist for April, 1890.

:The Olecranoii Perforation," by Dr. D. S.

MEMOIRS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

219

FIG. 47. — Lower ends of humeri showing olecranon perforations.

ordinarily separates the coronoid from tbe olecranon fossa of the humerus. The absorption of
this partition and the consequent formation of a perforation connecting the two fossai naturally
follows.

Fig. 47 represents the anterior aspects of the distal extremities of both humeri from the skele
ton of a young subject in the Salado series. The right humerus has a single large olecranon
opening. In the left humerus the partition be
tween the two fossa; is of a translucent thinness
and is perforated by a number of small orifices
which outline a space larger than the perforation
in the right humerus. This left humerus is be
lieved to present an olecranon perforation in the
first stages of its formation. No other specimen
of this character has been seen by us.

Our whole museum collection shows the per
foration in two adolescents but in no infants. As
far as we can learn the same fact has been ob
served with regard to children in other collec
tions, and this is one of the facts on which rests
the theory that the perforation is acquired and
not inherited.

If it be granted that the perforation arises
from mechanical causes and is the result of labor
which requires repeated and forcible extension of
the forearm, we need not search long to discover
the existence of such labor among the aborigines of the southwest, both ancient and modern. The
females of the modern pueblos are engaged during the greater part of their time in grinding corn,
and they begin to perform this labor while they are yet very young. The grinding is done on a
nictate or large Hat stone, by means of a smaller stone which is held in the hands of the operator
and moved back and forth. The chief extension is made in moving the stone forward, and this
requires the most forcible extension of the forearm. The motion is made chiefly by the muscles
of the back. The discovery of numerous metates and upper grinding stones in the ruins of the
Salado cities shows that the people practiced a method of grinding similar to that of the modern
sedentary Indians of the same region. There were, no doubt, other labors which required great
extension of the forearm, but this we believe was the most important.

Modern agricultural tribes of the North and East ground their corn in wooden mortars with
wooden pestles; and in so doing made motions very different to those employed in operating with
the metate.

Pruner Bey expresses the opinion that this peculiarity is, in the human race, to be found only
in females, because all the humeri in which he noted the perforation were small. We can not say,
for certain, that it is found only in female hnrncri, in the Salado series, because we can so rarely
determine the sex of these skeletons; but it is not improbable that the perforation may be shown
to occur more frequently among the females than among the males. Although the men did much
hard labor of various kinds the work of grinding the corn was, in all probability, with the ancient
Saladoans, as with the modern pueblo Indians, performed exclusively by the women.

That the perforation is not a peculiarity of females in all races is evidenced by the patholog
ical series of the Army Medical Museum. In this series is a percentage of 7.!) perforations in 288
humeri, and these bones are, with few exceptions, derived from American soldiers of the Caucasian
race. It is easy to conceive that many of our modern mechanical employments, such as that of the
carpenter propelling the plane, in which the arm is forcibly extended, might cause the perforation
we speak of. We have in our anatomical scries the skeleton of a Frenchman showing the perfo
ration on one side.

On the supposition that the perforation is produced by mechanical causes, we can account
for its preponderance on the left side only by supposing that the left arm, in many occupations, is

220 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

more frequently and forcibly extended than the right. For the majority of human manual tasks
we are not prepared to demonstrate this, although we" might do so in some instances. In the work
of grinding on the metate, however, it appears that the left hand is used the more. When the
grist is lifted from the trough and placed on the metate — and this is very frequently done — the
right hand is employed while the left hand is not released from the grinding- stone.

§ 32. THE PELVIS.

Pelvic measurements have been practiced upon 19 articulated pelves besides one pair of
innominate bones, 2 innominate bones of separate individuals with their corresponding sacra, 1
without sacrum, and 8 separate sacra (Tables LXI to LXVIII, inclusive).

The measurements are as accurate as could be hoped for in pelvimetry where landmarks are
relatively quite indistinct.

No measurement has been permitted to originate with us. The series of 19 measurements
are compiled from Garson* and Verneau.t Fritsch,J Davis,§ and Bacarisse,|| have also been con
sulted and the choice of each measurement determined by its frequency in use and its clear defini
tion fully as much as by its apparent morphological utility. It was our orgiual intention to ex
tend the number of measurements to 21 by including a measurement of the height of the entire
articulated pelvis and the subpubic angle; but although both these measurements have often
been taken by investigators, we could not find sufficiently exact definitions to warrant our adoption
of them.

The indices which have been calculated by ditferent authors are very varied. In view of this
fact, and also because all published series of measurements which we have examined deal with
series which compared to craniological series are absurdly small, we have limited our indices to the
two which Topiuard especially recommends,^! and a few others which appear most useful in the
discrimination of sex.

Verneau, however, seems to base his discussion of sex on anatomical differences and absolute
measurements, while J. G. Garson and most other writers have given us practically no informa
tion concerning the male pelvis. Hence as we are dealing with an unknown people, indeed almost
all American tribes are unknown to pelvimetricians, and a people of probably conspicuously small
stature, we might very readily go astray in applying to any great extent the canons or results of
European anthropometry.

With these considerations in view we have decided upon the following indices:

First. — The breadth-height index or relation of the maximum external width of the pelvis at
the iliac crest to its maximum height, or, which is the same thing, the maximum length of the in
nominate bone.

Formula: P^™lthxlOO
Pelvic height.

Second. — Index of the superior strait.

•p , . Antero-posterior diameter of brim x 100
Transverse diameter of briuK

Third. — Index of the pubo-ischiatic depth.

For IT Pubo-ischiatic depth x 100

Maximum width of superior strait.

Fourth. — Index of sacral length.

Maximum width of superior strait.

Formula: Sacral length x 100

* GARSON : Pelvimetry ; .Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, London, 1881-'82 ; pp. 10G et seq.
t VERNEAU : Le Bassin ; Paris, 1875.

t FRJTSCH : Die Eingeboroneu Sud-Afrika's, Breslau, 1872, Tabelle II.
§ DAVIS: Thesaurus Craiiiorum, London, 1867, Appendix B.
|| BACARISSE : Du Sacrum, Paris, 1873 ; Thfcse pour lo doctorat.
fl ToPUtAlU) : fildments d' Anthropologie Gdnt^rale, Paris, 1885, p. 1049.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Upon inspecting the pelves we find them forming two groups. In the one group are Nos.
II. 6, H. 7, II. 14, H. 18, H. 19, II. 25, II. 41, and II. 72. These present all the ordinary character
istics of the male pelvis. In the other group we find Nos. II. 1, II. 5, II. 8, II. 10, H. 15, II. 30, II.
39, H. 45, H. 57, and II. 59. These represent females.

No. II. 9G is the pelvis of a very young person. The ilia, ischia, and pubes are not coossified.
Hence, we do not attempt to determine its sex, and omit it from our calculations.

The data furnished by the breadth-height index and the index of the superior strait accord to
the Saladoans a high place in the human series. With regard to the breadth-height index, both
the males and the females stand at the top of the scale. With regard to the index of the superior
strait, the females stand at the highest (arithmetically the lowest) end of the scale above the
Europeans. The males occupy a medium position.

The other indices are of use in comparing the sexes, but we have never seen any comparative
data concerning them in print.

We have prepared four ordinations, one for each index. These, especially the indices of
pubo-ischiatic depth and that of sacral length, show very prettily the natural grouping of the sexes.
(See Tables LXII to LXV, inclusive.)

NOTE. — In the table of measurements of the pelvis the abbreviation "5 v" is occasionally found
after figures concerning the sacrum. This is used in cases where the sacrum consists of six verte
brae, to indicate that only five of them are measured.

LIST OF MEASUREMENTS.

1. Conjugata externa. — Antero-posterior maximum diameter of the pelvis: From the antero-
superior part of the symphysis pubis to the summit of the spiuous process of the first sacral
vertebra.

2. Crest width. — Width between the crests of the ilia : Indicated by the greatest width between
the external surfaces of the crests.

3. Antero-superior spinal width. — Width between the anterior-superior spines of the ilia: From
the center of the most prominent part of one spine to the corresponding point on the other. .

•1. Postero-sitperior spinal width. — Width between the posterior-superior spines of the ilia:
Measuring from the center of the most prominent part of one posterior-superior spine to a similar
point on the other.

5. Antero-posterior diameter of the brim. — From the anterior-superior margin of the promontory
of the sacrum to the most adjacent point of the symphysis pubis.

6. Transverse diameter of the brim. — Maximum width measured at right angles to the antero-
posterior diameter.

7. Antero-posterior diameter of outlet. — Width between the center of the anterior-inferior
margin of the body of the fifth sacral vertebra and the most adjacent point of the symphysis pubis.

8. Transverse diameter of outlet. — The maximum width of the pelvic outlet measured at right
angles to the antero-posterior diameters of the outlet, between the most widely separated points,
on lines passing parallel to the briui line from the spines of the ischia to the lower ends of the
obturator foramina.

9. Sciatic width. — Minimum distance between the sciatic spines.

10. Pelvic height. — Maximum length of the innominate bone or pelvic height.

11. Iliac breadth. — Maximum breadth of the ilium.

12. Heif/Jit of iliac fossa. — Height of the internal iliac fossa from the superior strait to the most
elevated point of the iliac crest. (Upon the superior strait Verneau's point de repvrc is situated at
the middle of the distance which separates the sacro-iliac articulation from the point which cor
responds to the maximum transverse diameter of the strait.)

13. Cord of the brim. — From the sacro-iliac articulation to the symphysis pubis (at the level
of the superior strait).

11. Pubo-iscliiiitic tli'pth. — The distance between the upper surface of the pubis and the lower
surface of the ischium, from the smooth level surface on the pubic side of the ilio pectiueal suture
above tx> the lowest part of the tuber ischii.

222 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

15. Acetabulo-symphysial width. — Width between the posterior margin of the acetabulum and
the symphysis pubis.

16. Sacral length. — Vertical length of the 5 sacral vertebrae.

17. Sacral breadth. — Maximum breadth of first sacral vertebra.

18. Width of sacrum at brim. — Width of the superior strait at the reunion of the anterior face
and the base.

19. Inferior width of sacrum. — Width of the sacrum below (at the inferior part of the auricular
surface).

J 33. THE COLUMNAR OR PILASTER FEMUR, FEMUR A COLONNE.

We have studied this peculiar form of the femur, not by classifying the bones according to 6
different degrees as first recommended by Broca, but by finding an index as he later advises. (See
Tables LXIX to LXXIII.) In order to obtain this index we took two transverse measurements of
the diaphysis at its center — one antero-posterior, the other lateral; we multiplied the former by
100 and divided the product by the latter as directed by Topinard.* Our results, therefore, may
be compared with a table given by Topinard. Our maximum index is 147.61. Our average
indices are for (JO right femurs, 114.74, for 65 left femurs, 116.94, and for 131 femurs of both sides,
115.83 (Table LXXII). In 15 series which Topinard gives us, representing ancient and modern
Europeans, Negroes, New Caledonians, and anthropoids, but three are higher than the Saladoan.
These are : 1 nameless femur, 158 ; 1 femur from Cro-Magnon, 128, and 5 femurs from the Grand
Canaries, 117.5. These series are all so small that they can not be compared with ours to good
advantage. Indeed, Topinard has no series approaching ours numerically; his highest is 20
African negroes. We are not, then, able to judge with any degree of exactness where the Sala-
doans stand among the various human races and the lower orders of animals in respect to lateral
compression of the shaft of the femur, and prominence of the linca aspera; but we may safely say
that few, if any, races of men possess these peculiarities to a more exaggerated degree, and that
few if any are further removed in these particulars from the anthropoids. Whatever, then, are the
causes which produce the pilaster femur, they may be sought among the Saladoans.

It has been often observed among other races that the pilaster femur and the flattened tibia
are associated features, and the Saladoans offer no exception to this rule. The flattening of the
tibia is perhaps more remarkable among them than the lateral compression of the femur. We
have some evidence, too, that, in this series at least, these features are associated in a direct
though not symmetrical or constant ratio. This is shown in Table LXXIII, in preparing which we
have selected 5 skeletons whose tibiae showed the lowest indices, i. e., the greatest lateral com
pression, and 5 other adult skeletons whose (normal) tibiae exhibited the highest indices and the
least lateral compression. For these 10 skeletons we have presented- side by side the tibial and
femoral indices, and computed averages for the two groups separately. It will be seen by con
sulting the table that the low tibial indices are accompanied by high femoral indices, and vice
versa; in other words, the lateral compression of the femur is in a general way proportionate to
the lateral compression of the corresponding tibia. Since the lateral diameter is employed as the
dividend in computing the index of the tibia, and the antero-posterior diameter is so employed in
the index of the femur, the indices of these bones bear an inverse relation to one another, i. e., the
narrower laterally the tibia, the lower the index; the narrower the femur, the higher the index.
These observatioiis lead us to the conclusion that whatever causes operate to produce the platyc-
neinic tibia operate as well to produce the pilaster femur. Under the next section (§ 34) we con
sider these causes with regard to the tibia, because iu that connection we fancy we can discover
their operation more plainly.

§ 34. PLATYCNEMIA, OR FLATTENED TIBIA.

There is probably no single series of bones in any collection which offers better advantages
for the study of platycnemia than the bones of the Salado. They belong to a race apparently
very homogeneous, whose general habits of life are well understood, and they present this peculiar

» Op. dt., p. 1019.

MEMOIRS OF THE .NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 223

formation more constantly and in a higher degree than those of any other collection of which we
have seen a record. Furthermore, the series is extensive.

In obtaining the index of the tibia for this study we have adopted the method of Broca; that
is, we have measured the bone at the level of the nutrient foramen, have multiplied the transverse
dimension by 100 and divided the product by the antero-posterior dimension. We have found in
the Salado collection IK! tibia; sufliciently preserved to admit of these measurements. Ninety of
these, which were collected along with the skulls or other bones of the same skeletons, and which
were conserved immediately on being disinterred, are given in Table LXXIV. Twenty-six of the
tibia1 form a miscellaneous group ; they were gathered singly and belong mostly to skeletons which in
the earlier days of the work of excavation were allowed to disintegrate from exposure to the weather
or were crushed under the feet of thoughtless visitors. Since many of this miscellaneous set are
cracked and warped, we repose less .confidence in their dimensions 1han we do in the dimensions
of the series of 90; hence we devote to them a separate table (LXXV).

It is a recognized fact that the flattened tibia does not occur in childhood, but that the pecul
iarity is acquired as years advance. To include immature tibire in the general average may there
fore be thought to improperly diminish the average of platycueinia and increase the average index.
We have two skeletons in which there is an exostotic crest, apparently the result of unusual mus
cular traction, posteriorly near the junction of the perpendicular with the oblique line. This
formation, on the other hand, by falsely increasing the antero-posterior diameter, may be
thought to improperly increase the average of platycnemia and decrease the average index. In
Table LXXIV wehave noted under the head of " Remarks " all instances of these disturbing factors,
and we have calculated averages both inclusive and exclusive of such instances.

If we take an index of 75 as representing a normal tibia (and this may be regarded as a low
standard) we find but four adult tibre in 110 which may be regarded as normal. The lowest Ameri
can index we have seen recorded is one of 48 in a tibia from a mound in Michigan. This instance
is mentioned by Jeffries Wyman,* who expresses the index by saying that the transverse diameter
is 0.48 of the antero-posterior diameter. In this connection he never uses more than two decimal
figures; consequently the index, if expressed in the manner adopted by us, might have been a
fraction higher. We may safely say then that two tibise of the Salado series (those of II. 1!)) are
as low as the lowest American known. Absolutely the lowest for all races we have seen recorded
are 3 mentioned by Kuhff, one from Carerne dc VHommc Mori, having index 47, and two from
the Grand Canaries, having indices 42 and 36.

The most extensive table of averages we have observed is one of 39 series given by Dr.
Kuhff.t In this the lowest averages are in series having but 1 or 2 specimens in each, and they
therefore do not admit of comparison with ours. The lowest average he gives in any series com
prising more than 2 specimens is that of certain prehistoric bones ("Lehm de Kollwiller")
from Alsace, of which there are 11 specimens. The average index is stated at 03; but Dr. Kulift'
gives no decimals in his table. The average of all our 110 tibia; is 03.54 (Table LXXV) ; the average
of 90 of the more perfect part of the collection, as shown in Table LXXIV, is 62.71; while the
average of 78 adults free from complicating exostoses is only 61.88. We may safely say that no
series of equal size in any collection will be found to show a higher average grade of flattening of
the tibia than our Salado series.

The most satisfactory explanation which we have noted of the origin of platycnemia is that
of Manouvrier.J We regret that we have never seen his original paper on this subject; we
derive a knowledge of his work entirely from a review. § He has concluded from a careful study
of the tibia in its anatomical relations that the flattening is entirely due to " lengthening and
straightening of the postero external surface of this bone; that is to say, of the surface of insertion
of the posterior tibial muscle," and this lengthening and flattening, Mr. Mauouvrier wisely main

* Fourth :i mi n:il report of the tru.ste.us of the Pi-abody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology, Boston,
1871, pp. 21, ?>.

tDr la platyene'inie. dans los races humaine.s. Revue d'aothropologle, second scries, vol. IV, p. 255.

t Platycnemia in men and anthropoids. Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of Paris, 2d serieH, Vol. III.

$ Kevue d'anthropologie, third ttcries, vol. iv, 1889, pp. 207-210.

224 MEMOIRS OF T HE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tains, is due, not to the direct but to the inverse action of the muscle, produced under the influ
ence of repeated, almost constant work. He shows that the flattening is not similar to that
observed in the anthropoids; that it results from the action of a different set of muscles; that it is
not one of the "simian characteristics" which we are so prone to find in races whom we consider
inferior to ourselves; that it is an evidence not of inferiority, but of superiority, since it is pro
duced under the influence of a cause essentially human.

This inverse action of the tibialis posticus is exerted when the foot is fixed and the tibia raised,
as in the act of rising from a kneeling position. " This traction," says the reviewer, probably fol
lowing Manouvrier, "is produced in the upright position; more still in walking, above all up
inclined planes, both in mounting and descending them, and infinitely more in running and jump
ing. It is, therefore, very probable that platycnemia should be found in great walkers, amongst
the peoples of a varied country, living a savage life, hunting, etc. Children not presenting it
shows it to be an acquired characteristic which is developed only at a certain age, under the
influence of special conditions. We can explain thus why it is less marked in the women, and why
it presents in a given race very different individual degrees."

All the above suggestions as to causal activity are pertinent; but it seems to us that one of
great importance remains to be made. When the tibialis posticus assumes the inverse action, the
tibia becomes a lever 'of the second class, with the fulcrum at the ankle joint, the power at the
insertion of the muscle, and the weight (which in ordinary cases is but the weight of the body and
the clothing) at the knee-joint. There are three ways (besides frequency of impulse) in which the
muscle that supplies the power may be called into increased action: First, by increasing the dis
tance through which the lever moves, as in climbing hills; second, by diminishing the time in which
it moves, as in running and jumping; third, by increasing the weight, as in lifting and carrying
heavy loads. Largely to the third way we are inclined to attribute the prevalence of platycnemia
among various American races, including the Saladoans. The latter lived in a wide plain some
distance (10 miles at Los Muertos) from the nearest mountains, which are neither remarkably
high nor steep, and it is probable that, except for religious pilgrimages, they resorted rarely to
these barren summits — as unproductive, no doubt, in ancient days as they are now. The Sala
doans were, then, not mountain-climbers. As they did not subsist to any great extent on game,
their exercise in running was probably mostly confined to their sports. But they had no large
domestic animals and were obliged to be their own burden-bearers. The burdens, too, were not
dragged after them in vehicles, but were carried on the head or the back. Thus was the harvest
brought home; thus were the materials collected and elevated to construct their tall houses, and
the earth that was taken from their vast canals and reservoirs was carried out in baskets on the
backs of men and women. The work done in this way by the Saladoans must have been enormous.

We have now in mind many facts connected with the customs of other peoples which tend to
strengthen this theory, but we will not take the present occasion to mention them. To those
who are considering the problem of platycnemia in Europe we would suggest that they inquire
what effect the introduction of large beasts of burden may have had on the form of the human
tibia, and what effect such occupations as those of the porter and the hod-carrier may have in
preserving the flattened form to a limited extent to the present generation.

We have not seen elsewhere noted a feature that is apparent on a slight inspection of the
bones of this series, namely, that there is a flattening of the fibula which corresponds with that of
the tibia. This correspondence is general but not uniform, i. c., while no constant ratio can be
shown to exist between the indices of associated leg bones, a very flat tibia is generally accom
panied by a very flat fibula, an average tibia by an average fibula, and a normal tibia by a normal
fibula. The index of the fibula is usually less than that of its companion tibia. To elucidate these
points we give a short table, in preparing which we have selected for illustration, from the Salado
series, two very flat, two average, and two normal tibia;. We have added one European tibia.
All are from the right side.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

225

TABLE II. — Flattening of tibia and corresponding fibula.

Designation of
skeleton.

Antero-pos-
U'rior di
mention of
tibula.

Transverse
dimension
of llbula.

Index

of 111. ula.

Index of

associated
tibia.

H. 19 I.

19i

91

40.87

48.75

H.6

16A

JOi

63. 63

49.29

H. 15

13

7

53.84

62.26

H. 14 . ...

17

10

58.82

62.50

H.3t>

11

9

64.28

75. 13

H. 74

15

104

70.00

79.03

Caucasian

15

10i

70.00

75.75

The measurements of the fibula were taken at the point where the maximum antero-posterioi
diameter was found. It is possible that, had some other point been selected for measurement, a
ratio more nearly constant between the indices of the two bones might have been discovered.

The flattening of the fibula is accompanied by the following changes in the form of the bone:
The entire shaft is twisted outward on its axis; the anterior portion of the internal surface is
brought more to the front, almost forming a true anterior surface to the bone; the interosseous
ridge, becoming more permanent and advancing to the front, divides the internal surface more
sharply into two surfaces; the internal border becomes less distinct and allows the posterior sur
face, which largely loses its identity, to become merged with the posterior part of the internal
surface. The bone is thus apparently compressed between the insertion of the tibialis posticits on
the inside and the insertions of the peroneus longus and pcroneus brevis on the outside. The two
latter muscles are in their action adjuncts of the first. The "channeling" of the tibula noted by
other observers is also found associated with these changes.

The columnar femur and platycncmia in various races. — Measurements have been taken to
determine the relation of the various races as far as they are represented in our collections at the
Army Medical Museum. This investigation has been fairly exhaustive and has embraced the
large majority of all our accessible skeletons in good condition. In all 02 skeletons have been
measured.

But even with all this number of individuals we find but two, or at most three, series which are
sufficiently large to serve as the foundations of generalized assertions. These series are:

First, twenty-four Sioux Indians; second, twenty three other Indians; third, six Negroes.
(See Table LXXVIII.)

The reason why the Sioux are separated from the other Indians is simply because they form
a sufficiently large series and not on account of any presupposed differences as to platycuemia
and the pilaster femur. It might be as well in the present state of our knowledge to reckon all
the Indians together and hence we have said above that the number of our comparative series of
indices may be considered as either two or three.

The facts to be noted are that the Saladoans stand between our negroes and Indians with
regard to the pilaster femur, while they possess tibia; of a higher degree of platycnemia than
any of the other races.

From the lists of the individual measurements and indices some curious data may be culled.
We note the following as regards the columnar femur. (See Table LXXVI.)

Both the maximum and the minimum of the series are represented by bones of hunchbacks.
The minimum index, that of the eft femur of a white male, No. 5433, amounts to only 9-. 15. The
maximum, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest index of the kind on record, is that
of the right femur of the female negro, No. 5432, and amounts to 159.18. This surpasses by 1.18
per cent the femur of unknown origin which Topinard mentions as having the highest index of
which he has ever been made aware.* There is nothing about this remarkable bone to suggest
the action of disease. It is true that most of the arching forward, which we observe in all femora,
is localized in this bone at about the junction of the upper and middle thirds. But this is a com-

S. Mis. 1C9 15

"TOI'INAKD, op. cil., 101U.

226 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mon form. Indeed, judging from a plaster cast in the Army Medical Museum, we believe it to be
the form of the celebrated femur of Cro-Magnon, whereof the index is 128. There is no suggestion
of disease about the coxae nor about the leg bones of this negress's skeleton, nor is there any pecu
liarity of the skeleton as a whole which in any conceivable mechanical means could have brought
about such a result.

Two other hunchbacks, the one mentioned as having the minimum index of the section of
the femur, and also No. 938, an Alaskan, show no such peculiarity.

In connection with platycuemia let us mention the Bannock male, No. 2133 (Table LXXVII).
The indices of his tibiae are 85.07 for the right and 93.76 for the left. These figures, while not the
highest on record, are nevertheless very high, and show an entire lack of platycnernia- if we may
so express it. This is not what we should expect to find in an Indian skeleton, according to the
facts learned in pursuing our investigation.

It happened thrice in our series of tibiae that the nutrient foramen of a certain tibia was so
very far out of normal place that it would falsify any measurement. Upon finding such a bone
we would compare it to its fellow of the opposite leg of the same individual and measure it at a
position corresponding to the level of the foramen in the latter. This is indicated on the margin
of our tables.

HUMAN BONES

OF

THE HEMENWAY COLLECTION.

THE SERIES OF CIBOLA.

227

PART II.— THE SERIES OF CIBOLA.

<

$ 35. THE SERIES OF CIBOLA.— ORIGIN, CONDITION, ETC.

The skeletons disinterred in the neighborhood of Zuui are said to number about 200. Thirty-
five of these, complete and incomplete, have been received at the Army Medical Museum. The
others are stored in a house at Zufii. These 3> were not selected for any scientific reason, but
were packed and shipped because nearest at hand when the expedition was about to break up at
Zuiii. They are mostly hard and in good condition, and present a striking contrast in this respect
to the bones from the Salado Valley. They came mostly from the ruins of ileshota-uthla, which
is about 13 miles in an easterly direction from Zuiii and further up the valley of the Zuiii River.

Heshota uthla was not one of the seven cities of Cibola. There is no doubt among those who
have thoroughly investigated the matter that it was a shapeless ruin in 1540, when Corouado's
army passed near its site. According to Zufii tradition it was occupied in a remote antiquity by a
people of their own race. Of this there is no evidence save tradition ; yet for the present we place
the remains of Heshota uthla along with the other remains from the same neighborhood in the
series of Cibola. Archaeological investigation shows that the people of Heshota-uthla had the
same customs, arts, and general civilization as those of Cibola.

The ruin of Lleshota-uthla, which was when inhabited a large, compact, many-storied pueblo,
capable of sheltering a thousand or more people, lies close to the main wagon road from Zufii to
Wingate. Before excavations were begun it seemed to the untrained eye a natnral heap of talus;
the careful investigation of the scientific observer only revealed the fact that it was the ruin of a
great edifice reared by human hands. Between the years 1880 and 1884 the writer frequently
inspected this ruin alone and in company with Mr. dishing and others, and it was then the general
opinion that the heap of stones in sight represented the entire walls of the building from top to
base. The recent excavations have shown that the loose stones were the debris of the upper
stories only, the third and fourth perhaps, and that the first and second stories were buried from
sight. The floors of the buildings were found at depths of 10 and 12 feet under the general surface
of the ground — to such a depth had the surrounding soil accumulated by the washing of earth
down from the neighboring hills and other natural causes since this pueblo was inhabited.

The skeletons in Heshota-uthla and in Hawicu, as in the ruins of the Salado Valley, were
found buried under the floors of the houses, but not with such care as in the latter place; no mud-
walled graves were found, only ordinary holes in the earth, and the bodies were laid in all direc
tions with relation to the points of the compass.

We have not given the same attention to the Cibolan collection as we have to the Saladoan.
We have had less time to devote to it, and besides we have not thought it proper to give the
Cibolan remains the fullest consideration until we should come into possession of the whole
collection, which we hope to do at no distant day. We have taken some of the more important
measurements and made sufficient study to enable us to draw a comparison between the skeletons
of the Salado and those of the Zufii Valley.

Some of the 35 skeletons come from Hawicu, the Ahacus of Coronado. This was about on the
site of the present inhabited pueblo of Zufii. The bones were exhumed near the main pueblo on
the opposite bank of that narrow and inconstant streamlet known as the Zufii River, and in the
immediate vicinity of houses now occupied by certain extramural or outcast Zunians.

$ 36. CEPHALIC INDEX. CIBOLA.

The antero-posterior shortening, which is such a marked feature of the Saladoan skulls (§ 6),
is no less a marked feature of the skulls of Cibola. The tables (LXXXIII, LXXXIV) indicate even
a greater shortening in the latter series. The shortest skull is broader than it is long, having
an indexof 100.CI), a greater exaggeration of this shortening than is found among the Saladoaus,

230 MEMO1KS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

whose highest index is 97.97. We have seen record of but few indices higher than the above of
100.09. The average cephalic index of this group (88.8G) is higher than that of the Saladoans by
a small fraction, notwithstanding that there are 5 Cibolan skulls longer than the longest Saladoan.

The minimum index, 74. 54, which is dolichocephalic according to some authorities, belongs to
a skull apparently normal and possibly of an alien race.

The supposed reasons for this shortening have already been declared.

§ 37. OCCIPITAL FLATTENING. CIBOLA.

This deformation, whatever be its significance, is the rule in the collection under consideration.
Only 4 skulls, indeed, Nos. H. 201, H. 204, H. 221, and H. 229, can be called normal in outline.

Of the deformity of the remaining skulls it may be said that it can be most impressively
explained by imagining it to have been made by a Hat rigid surface moving in a plane vertical or
tilted a little forward with reference to the autero-postero-horizontal plane of the skull, coming in
contact with the occiput. Hence we find the flattening in the less notable cases involving only
the most prominent part of the occiput, that is, from inion to lambda. Then we find a number
flattened from iuion to obelion, and lastly a few in which the whole occiput is affected. But this
plane, while always approximately vertical to the aforesaid horizontal plane, may be either parallel
to or at any angle with the transverso-vertical plane of the skull.

Hence the flattening may be strictly unilateral; or the flattening may affect both sides, but
preponderate upon one; or the flattening may be bilaterally symmetrical. There are 10 skulls
in which the flattening is nearly or quite bilaterally symmetrical. Eight skulls are flattened on
the left side of the occiput, and twelve skulls are flattened on the right side of the occiput.

There is no skull exemplifying that occipital flattening wherein the occiput seems to have been
in contact with a force pressing upward and forward. The resultant form is one in which the
obelion is, or tends to be, the most posterior part of the skull, while the surface from the lambda
to the inferior curved liue, or even to the opisthiou, forms a nearly continuous plane.

$ 38. VERTIGO-LONGITUDINAL INDEX. CIBOLA.

The general remarks under the title "Vertical indices" (§11) made on the Saladoan skulls
apply as well to the Cibolan, although we have placed on record for the latter only one vertical
index, the vertico-longitudinal, whose factors are the greatest length and the basi-bregmatic
height. (See Tables LXXXIII, LXXXIV.)

We found it possible to compute this index in 31 skulls only. The extremely short skull, H.
216, which gave such a high cephalic index, gave the still higher vertico-longitudiual index of
101.39, which was the maximum of the series; but it was not the normal skull with the lowest
cephalic index (H. 209) that had the minimum vertico-lougitudinal of 74.05. The variation of
this index in the series of 31 is greater than in the Saladoan series of 39, and the average of the
one series exceeds that of the other by 5 units.

The cephalic index and the vertico-longitudinal index of the Cibolan group are exactly the
same in two cases* and they are within a unit of one another in 5 cases more.t The close corre
spondence of the maxima, the minima, and the averages in both indices may be seen by consulting
Table LXXXIII.

$ 39. PLANE OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM. CIBOLA.

In 27 skulls of this series we have been able to estimate the angle of Daubenton and the
analogous basilar and occipital angles of Broca. (See Tables LXXXII, LXXXV.)

We found in the skulls of the Salado the highest expressions of these angles — higher than
any previously on record, and we had thought that this might be a concomitant of the occipital
distortion and due to pressure on the occiput in infancy, which caused the plane of the foramen
magnum to incline more posteriorly. In the skulls of Cibola there is, to judge from the cephalic
indices, as much of this flattening as among those of the Salado, yet the angles which indicate
the inclination of the plane of the foramen magnum are not nearly so great in the former as in the

* Nos. H. 215 and H. 228. t Nos. H. 202, H. 213, H. 216, H. 217, H. 226.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 231

latter. They are the same among the Cibolans as they arc in races with long heads who have no
practices that result in flattening. For instance, according to Topinard,* the average angle of
Daubenton is among Esquimaux, Hottentots, and Australians 6°, and among Javanese, Polyne
sians, and New Caledonians 7°, while among the Cibolans it is intermediate between these two,
or G£°. But it must be stated that Topinard omits fractions.

4 40. PROCESSES AT BASE OF SKULL. THE INION. CIBOLA.

In general, the processes at the base of the skull are somewhat more prominent in the Cibolan
than in the Saladoan skulls. This is particularly noticeable in the case of the iuion, or, more
properly speaking, the superior curved line in the region of the inion.

We have estimated the degree of projection of the inion indirectly from orthogonal drawings
of the occiput. These drawings represent the most prominent points, whether they be in the
sagittal plane or not. Hence if any part of the superior curved line of the occiput be more promi
nent than the inion proper, it is that which is represented upon the drawing and compared with
the standard. This greater prominence of the superior curved line at one side of the insertion of
the ligamentum nuchiB is met with several times (well marked in 8 cases; see Table LXXXVI) in
the skulls under discussion. In general, the inion does not project much downward as a free proc
ess from the occiput, but is part of a large elevated bone area, quite distinct, and corresponding
to the median part of the superior curved line. In short, it is the insertion of the trapezius muscle
rather than the insertion of the ligamentum nuchie which is exaggerated.

This greater prominence of the inial region of the Cibolan over the Saladoan skulls may be
due to the fact that the pressure which flattened the skulls seems to have been exerted in the
former entirely on a surface above the inion, while in the latter it was usually on a surface which
included the inion. This remark must be taken in connection with what we have said in § 9.

In the Saladoan skulls none of the inia are more prominent than Broca's No. 1. In the Cibolan
skulls (see Tables LXXXVI and LXXXVII) 12 out of 32, or three-eighths of all, correspond with higher
numbers of Broca's scale. There is one which we consider as equaling his No. 4.

5> 41. THE PTERION. CIBOLA.

We have found in this series 40 pteria which admitted of measurement. Tliey are equally
distributed between the right and left sides. Eighteen skulls have both pteria intact. They are
all of the form " pteriou in H," but two are complicated with epipteric bones. (See Table
LXXXVIII.)

The longest right pterion is 18mm; the longest left pterion, 24ram. There are two pteria of the
right side measuring 9""", but none measuring less. There are two of the left side measuring
7mn', and this is the minimum of the whole group. The average length of the right is 14.GO""", of
the left 13.55 mm, of all 14.07""" . These averages are higher than those of Salado.

In the Cibola, as in the Salado group, there are but two pteria less than 8""" in length, but, as
the Cibolan series is greater, it shows a smaller percentage, which is only 5.

Placing the above figure along with Anoutchine's tables, previously quoted, we find that the
Peruvians have of all races the smallest percentage (3.4) of pteria — less than 8""" in length;
that the Cibolaus come next, with 5 per cent; the Saladoans third, with G.5 per cent; the " People
of the Caucasus, Turkestan, and Turko-Finnish " fourth, with 6.9 per cent, and that all other races
have higher percentages, the highest being the Australians and Tasmanians, 24.0 per cent.

Like the Saladoans, the Cibolans show no frontal apophyses at the pterion, and they show
but two epipteric bones (5 per cent), less even than the Peruvians, whose per cent (6) is the lowest
on Anoutchine's table of 10 series.

In making this comparison it should be remembered that both of the series described in this
report are much smaller than any of Auoutchine's, his lowest Australians and Tasmaniaus being
102.

•TOPINAKD: Op. vit., p. 814.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Anoutchine gives in another table a list of 12 series of diverse races, in which there are pteria
less than 3mm in percentages, ranging from 0.5 to 8.2 (Chinese). Since the Peruvians do not appear
on this table, we presume their percentage is zero. Such is the case with the Cibolaus, but, as
before stated, we found one of these small pteria in a Saladoau skull.

$ 42. INCA BONE AND KINDRED FORMATIONS. CIBOLA.

As we have not secured illustrations to show for this series the anomalies involving the
superior angles of the vertical portions of the occipital bone, we have prepared a list of these
anomalies, 12 in all, with a detailed description of each case.

List, — H. 203 : In the left limb of the lambdoid suture there are Wormian bones, one of which
sends a process across the apex.

H. 200 : A typical og apicis 32mm high by 51mm broad. It has Wormian bones at its lower
angles.

H. 207 : A very curious multiple apicial bone reaching to within 3nim of the obelion. It consists
of nine principal and many smaller portions. The whole group is 43""" high and 51ram wide, and
might by some be considered an os Incce. The bone forming the apex is 21llim by 17nim.

H. 210: Fine tortuous Wormian bones in both limbs of the lambdoid suture. There is one
of this set at the apex, a small irregular ossicle, which might be regarded as an os sagittale.

II. 212: A large compound bone at the apex, mostly to the right of the median line. The
lower part of it, about 40ram by 32"n", is partly coossified to the rest of the occipital. The upper
part, about 22mni by 9mm, forms a small apicial bone. A few Wormian bones of small size
complicate the lambdoid.

II. 213: A row of medium-sized Wormian bones in each limb of the lambdoid suture; one of
these bones is on each side of the apex; 12mm above tlie apex is an os sagittale 18""" by 9""".

II. 218: An apical bone in two parts slightly coossified. The total size is 25""" high and
47mm wide.

H. 223: A row of medium-sized Wormian bones, all of remarkably simple outline, in each
limb of the lambdoid suture. One of these bones situated at the apex measures 14""" by 16mm.

H. 227: A large typical Inca bone 4Gmm high and 73""" wide. Above it is a small bone 7mm
by ]0""", which may be regarded as an os sagittale.

II. 231: A triangular os apicis, 27mm by 53""".

H. 232 : A row of long, very irregular Wormian bones occupies the lambdoid suture throughout
from the left asterion almost to the right; one of these bones, situated in the median line, is about
gmin by i^mm^ au(j m;ly ke considered an apicial bone.

H. 233 : A row of Wormian bones occupies the upper half of the right limb of the lambdoid
suture; one of these, 13mm by 14mm, touches the median line at the apex.

From the above list we learn that there are in this series the following anomalies : 1 typical
Inca bone, H. 227 ; 5 typical apicial bones, Nos. H. 206, H. 207, H. 212, H. 218, H. 231 ; 6 doubtful
apicial bones, Nos. H. 203, H. 210, H. 213, H. 223, H. 232, H. 233, or 11 apicial bones of both
classes — 12 anomalies in all. The above numbers give us, in a series of 35, the following percent
ages: Inca bone, 2.85 per cent; true apicial bones, 14.28 per cent; doubtful apicial bones, 17.14
per cent; both classes of apicial bones, 31.42 per cent; total of all anomalies 34.28 per cent. From
these percentages, from those given in paragraph 18, and from percentages obtained from our
own collection we have prepared the following table:

, TABLE W. — Frequency of Inca bone in various peoples.

Races.

Complete
o.iva Incw.

True
apicial
lumen.

Doubtful

apicial
bones.

Apicial
bones of
both
classes.

All
anoma
lies.

Saladoans

5. C8

18 1

'>G 04

Peruvians

5 46

10 5?

10 5 f

17 63

Cibolans

2 85

14 ''S

17 14

31 4''

34 'J8

Americans not Peruvians

1 30

5 63?

5 63 ?

i) 75

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 233

While this series is too small to enable us to institute a perfectly satisfactory comparison
between it and others, we. have nevertheless obtained data sufficient to allow us to conclude fiat,
with regard to this class of anomalies, the Cibolans are in close relation to the Saladoans and the
Peruvians, and widely separated from other American races and from the rest of the world.

§ 43. NASAL CHARACTERS. NASAL INDEX. CIBOLA.

The average nasal index is nearly the same in both the Saladoan and the Cibolan series; that
of the former being 51.6t>, and that of the latter 51.88 (Table LXXXIV). The remarks, therefore,
which apply to the, one apply as well to the other. In respect to the maximum and minimum of
this index, also, the two series correspond closely. The maxima are: For the Saladoau 61.11;
for the Cibolan 60.46. The minima are: For the former 44.L'3; for the latter 45.09.

The character of the lower border of the nasal aperture or echancrure of the Cibolans seems
from such evidence as we possess to be inferior only to that of the Europeans and Saladoans. For
the two highest classes A+ A' (see Table LXXXIX) their percentage is 38.23. The lowest class, E,
simian gutter, has no representative. Over one-third of the series belong to class B. The relation
with regard to this characteristic, which the Cibolans sustain to other races, will be seen by com
paring Table LXXXIX with the tables in § 24.

§ 44. TORSION OF THE HUMERUS. CIBOLA.

The average angle of torsion (154.27°) of all the humeri, 48 in number, of this series is higher
than that of any race recorded by Broea except the Mexicans (155°) and the Europeans. As his
Mexican series numbers only 2 it is scarcely worthy of being cited in comparison. Excluding the
Mexicans, the Cibolans follow in respect to this feature next after the Saladoans and Europeans in
the category of the human race, as far as we have seen the record. They are widely separated
from other American races. (See Tables xo and xcr.)

Like the majority of mankind, and unlike the Saladoans, the Cibolans have the maximum
angle of torsion on the left side. Not 1 but 5 angles on the left are higher than the highest angle
on the right. The minimum is on the right side and there are 3 angles of the right lower than the
lowest of the left.

The maximum angle of torsion of the Cibolans (178°) is higher than the maximum angle of
Saladoans and, as far as Broca's tables inform us higher than the maximum of any people except
the French. But the average of the highest 3 angles (173°) is not so great as the average of the
highest 3 Saladoan angles (175°).

The average of all the left humeri, 23 in number, is 159.20°, while that of all the right humeri,
25 in number, is but 149.40°, a difference in favor of the left of nearly 10°. This is a higher differ
ence than exists in any one of Broca's series, which represents more than two bones, except the
Arabians and Kabyles + El Goleah, in which the difference is 10.27°.

The variation is greater on the left than on the right; on the one side it has a range of 35°,
on the other a range of 20°.

$ 45. THE OLECRANON PERFORATION. CIBOLA.

The Cibolans present this anomaly in a much less degree than the ancient people of the Salt
River Valley, the so-called Mound-Builders, the Guam-lies, and other peoples. The perforations
appear in only 19.6 per cent of the humeri of the Cibolans, while the humeri of the Saladoaiis show
53.9 per cent.

The ancient people of the Zufii Valley, no doubt, ground their corn in the same manner as did
the ancient inhabitants of the Salt River Valley, and it may very pertinently be asked why the
humeri of the former are not so often perforated as those of the latter. Retaining the hypothesis
before mentioned that the method of grinding corn was an important factor in producing the
olecranon perforation, we account for this difference by supposing that the Cibolans subsisted less
on corn, and hence had less occasion to grind it than their more Western congeners. The land
around Zufii is not nearly so prolific as that of the Salt River Valley, the climate is colder, and
agriculture is far less remunerative. The mountains adjacent to Zuiii, heavily timberad, abound
in game, and it is probable that the ancient Cibolans lived more by the chase and less by agricul
ture than the ancient Saladoans.

20.

TABLE I.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

235

1

11,1.

H,2.

H,3.

H,4

H,5.

H,6.

11,7.

?

:•
1
-,

4th
p.

4th
f

6th
t

3d
?

4th
F.

5th

M.

4th
M.
ISSOcc

6

7
8

154

154
150

157
160

157
157
152

147

150
139

168

168
160

159
159
158

162
162
152

•i

144

151

145

147

149

139

ID

106

98

103

100

11

l"

77
100

86
103

85
110

81
109

.87c

86c
110

72
100

18

83

86

88

85

1 1
15
Ifl

84
115; 115

86; 119
125; 125
483

!I7
116; 116
491

82 108
114 114
459"

100; 123c
120; 120
504

84; 119
120; 120
486

93; 121
117; 117
480

17

208; 275

''05 254

230- '>74

'^46- 240

217- 263

is
19

330

349
118- l'>6- 105

339

329
119- llk> 98

354
1''5- 113- 116

342c

332
120- 111- 101

"ii

345; 319

322

325 295

340; 320

343

334; 311

-1

32;

29

36; 35c

35; 30

22

126

139

131

23
24

•'-,

97
93

106
95

25

105

97
23|

95
98

184

110
113

99
98
20

106
100
22

26
27

2g

10!); 68
47i; 23
41; 34

-; 65

47 ; 24

-; 7i

51; 27
39; 34

110; 66
46 ; 25
37; 36

114c; 68
50; 26
41 ; a">

— ; 68
50; 23
39; 33

; 66
50; 24
40; 35 £

.„,

56; 37

50; 36

50;

49; 40

57 ; 3X

52; 38

:;M

37 ; 25

37; —

— ; 24

40; 26

39 ; 24

41; —

•;i

13

13

14

18

13

.;.,

62; 49

62; 50

— ; 52

67; 51

65; 49

63 ; 51

:;:;
34

24
114; 97

23

12
— ; 97

28
; 89

19c
122 ; 95

15
— ; 101

19

116; 99

35

36

56; 35
110

63; 32

55; 30

57; 29
111

60; 32

108

64 ; 32

56; 29

37

38

100
99

99
97

92
101

98

99

105

97

39
40

11

1"

107
113
133; 134

105
121
144; 148

141

109
121

— ; 138

102
109
128; 133
122

112
119
UOc; Hlc
135

118
127
— ; 142

111
119

135; 136
123

a

M
i.-,
n;

17
is

54
186
174
105; 78
79i°

76
199
187
102; 88
78°

65

180
168
94; 81

86A°
15°

57
201
184
100; 86

77°

68
203
189
101 ; 91
87°
11°

65
176

170
106; 72
86°
10°

64
193
183
99; 87

84°
16°

I'l

24°; 3U°

20° ; 26°

19° ; 24°

27i°; 36i°

50

90

96 17

% 00

87 50

93.71

85 80

.-,i
52

86.36

90

88. 59

s:,. :::;

>-:\. :\:\
97 22

83. 33
85 71

53

111.65

112.24

110.67

54

56

72.72

86. r»o

68.42

73.71

67. 34

66.01

69. 32

66. 00

56

53. %

51. 43

H) 38

:.7
58

48. 42
82. 92

51.06

52. 94

87. 17

54. 34
97. 29

52. 00
85 36

46.00
84 61

48. (X)

88 75

VI

65.48

73. (K)

81. 63

iiii 66

73 07

BO

101. 01

102. 06

92. 07

110. 11

96. 11

95. 45

97.00

Tliis is at tin- maximum itcr.ipital point; I In; circumtVireiiro at lamlxla in 462.

236

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

1

H,8.

H,9.

H, 10.

H,ll.

H, 12.

H,13.

H, 14.

2

3
4

5

5th
P.

5th

f

4th
P.
1310cc

4th
1

5th
?

4th
?
1170cc

4th
M.
1510cc

6
7
8
9
10
11

161
163
157

144c
104
76

152
151
143
132
105
85

155
158
146
143
103
87

157
157
145
138
111
83c

176
176
168
139
109c
85o

152
153
142
134
lOOc

166
166
162
147
99
82

r>

109

112

115

108

107

•M A

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

80
91; -
119; 119

487
213; 274
350
120; 128; 102
334
32; 30

85
89; 108c
120; 120
451
204; 247
319
116; — ; -
301; 283
34* ; 33

82
88; 121
123; 123
472*
204; 272
342
110; 133; 99
336; 314
35; 31

83
86; 111
114; 114
463
231; 230
326c
112; 108; 105
328; 294

86
94; -
116; 116
494
229; 265
370c
132- •

'332; '313

84
84; 111
115; 115
455
207; 248
335
111; 112; 112
316; 292
• 29

86
83; 118
122; 122
488
229; 259
353
128; 123; 102
350; 319
36* • 30

22

131

126

126

129

127

128

23
24
'*>

105
90

25

103

101

104
93

22

101
lOOc
21

109
101
26

101
100
22

101
98
101

26
27

; 66

47; 24

— ; 69

49; 22*

— ; 7i

49; 23*

118; 71
49; 24

— ; 60c
— ; 25*

— ; e?

125; 78
53; 24

•>8

38j • 344

49- 37

39- 37

40- 38

39i • 35*

Q7 • <)K 1

W»

51; 38

51; —

51; 36

51; 36

. 52;

57; 41

30

38;

36; 23

38; 22

39; 25

40; 25

31

12

18

14

18

32
33

52; 45

— ; 49
22

62; 49

18

60; 52

27

-'g

— ; si

17c

62; 47
25

34

115; 91

114; 95

116; 94

35

;«

59; 33

56; 31

59; 27

61; 30*
100

63; 31

51; 30

63; 29
105

37

94

96

96

98

94

99

38

98

100

101

39

106

109

110

109

109

114

40

113

116

117

115

116

121

41

; 140

135; 136

145; 147

133; 136

140; 143

138; 142

4'-1

132

135

134

43

66

71

69

64

75

71

44

45

193
185

184
168c

203
186

199

185

197
193

191

195

184

4fi

95; 90

97; !<2

96; 92

100; 91

99 ; 70

100 ; 98

47

84i°

78°

80°

80°

81°

86°

48

ioj°

18*°

15*°

49

21*.°; 28i°

30°; 38°

25°: 33*°

50
51

88.07

87.41
89.40

90. 50
91. 77

87.89
84.71

78. 97

87. 58
91.50

88. 55
83. 13

<V>

93.75

95. 65

88.57

82.19

53

118. 00

127. 55

54

r>.ri

72.92

68.31

76.34

71. 00
91.47

59. 5i(;

67. 00

79. 59
97. 65

56

57

50. 38
51.06

54. 76
45.91

56.34
47.95

55. 03
48.97

52. 75

60. 93

45.28

r>8

89. 61

88. 09

94.87

95 00

89 87

98. 64

59

74. 50

70. 58

70.58

71. 92

60

95.91

91.83

96.00

100. 00

94 00

98.01

*Th*i maximum circumference is 476.

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I— Continued.

237

1

H, 15.

H, 16.

H, 17.

H, 18.

H, 19.

H, 20.

H, 21.

9

3
4

4th
F.
1150cc

4th
f

3d

5th f
M.

13(Kicc

5th
M.

1530cc

4th

5th
F.

6
7
8
9

158
159
151
134

158
159
151
134

160
164
159
145

Ki9
169

160
145

175*
171
167
148

180"
179
177

160
159
147
147

10

97
73

100
76

98
74

100
74

108
86

101

112

12

i:i

98
85

101
81

94

87

110
87

115
94

115c
85c

117

14
15

86; 113?
110; 110

78; 109

98; 124
117; 117

92; 112
120; 120

100; 125
126; 126

92-
127; 127

95;
114; 114

16
17

18
19

20

467
222; 245
338
120; 107; 111
315; 290
32 ; 261

472
208; 264
354
115; 136; 103

31 ; 294

489
228; 261
341
121; 113; 107
343; 320
32; 28

496
221; 275
353
130; 119; 104
335; 316
34; 29

504
238; 266
354
128; 121; 105
340; 320
36 ; 344

504 -
244; 263
376
— ; — ; in
333; 312

476
226; 250
323
113; 109; 101
315; 300

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

126
100
91
224c
118; 68
51; 234
37 ; 36
52; 33
34- 94

121
96
93

204
99o ; 61
451; 25
37; 34
49; 40
39. 94

127
.102
100
25
109; 66
49; 26
38; 341
. 54; 40
40- 24

137
104
98
25
118c; 69
50; 27
37; 33

• 25

146
117
99
24

120; 72
52; 28
42; 36
52; 44
44; 27

139
106
96c
25
126; 74
45; 27
384; 364
55; 36
36:

139
109
102
284
— ; 68
53 ; 254
39; 334
54;

31

15

14

18

19

17

32

— ; 474

24c

62; 474
13

63; 48
13

— ; 51
13

70; 54
13

66;
18

-; 47

31

115 • 91

113; 82

117 ; 96

131; 106

121; 103

35
36

60; 314
109

61; 28
lOlc

57; 30
99

66; 31
104c

68; 33
110

65; 36

65; 314t

88

88

89

95

98

38

91

94

98

107

109

39

101

104

107

120

121

10

110

112c

113

130

128

(1

127- 129

136- 137

146; 145

146; 147

12

122

130

129

n

68

68

63

72

68

44
45
16

186
174
91- 93

192
183

gq • 89

193
185
89- 93

193

182
98- 87

194

185
102; 91

193
183

184
177

47
18

84°

44°

81
74°

88A°
17°

88°
20°

89^
14°

824°
124°

85°

to

134° • 18°

19° • 25°

29° • 381°

304° ' 40°

25i° ; 324°

23° ; 304°

50

84.27
79 87

84.27

88.41

X" 111!

85. 79
86.39

86. 54
85. 38

76. 53

92. 45

52

89 81

95 16

87. 50

85. 29

95. 83

1'") 67

106 45

109 00

120 40

121 21

131. 25

54
r)5

74. 72
93 65

65. 59
81 81

66.00
85 86

70. 40
86 13

72.72
82 19

77. 08

66.66

56
57
58

53. !»6
46. 07
97.29
73 07

50.41
54.94

91.89
81 63

51.96
53.06
90.78
74 07

50. 36
54.00
89.18

49.31
53. 84
85.71
84 61

53. 23
60.00
94.80
64.86

48. 92
48.11
85.89

60

96 70

93 61

90 81

88.78

89.90

* Not in nagittal piano at occiput.

238

MEMO1KS OP TITE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE 1 — Continued.

1

H, 22.

H,23.

H,24.

H,25.

H,26.

H,27.

H,28.

2

3

4
r,

4th?

?

4th

f

4th
M

5th
M

5th
M

5th

?

1st

?

7
g

160
161
155

176
176
165

154
158
150

166"
165c

155
156
150

163
164
153

*160
157

1584

q

138

144

147

140c

136

132"

10

100!

104

104

99

11

87

TO

81c

72

72

r>

113

103

112c

110

95

95

IS

81

89c

86

76

11

89-

86; 120

93c:

85; 112

89; lllc

86- 107

15

115, 115

122; 122

112; 112

111; 111

110; 110

16

480c

498

484

467

483

460

17

254; 244

224; 260

210; 257

233; 250

203- 257

18

350

345

327c

350

328

10

V>~>- 134;

139; 107; 104

124; 121; 100

— ; — ; 96

108; 110; 109c

111; 117- 100

°n

320; 307

345; 319

320; 296

318; 300

318; ''87

9i

39; 31

334 ; 30$

37i ; 33

— ; 28

31; 28

36 J ; 30

99

129

141c

125

23
">•!

106
104

104c
105

101
95

108c

101

•

105
95

89
79

'•>5

21*

23

23

23

18

''(i

• 68

108 ; 66

122 : 72

125 ; 76

•• - ; 75

92; 54

27
'>8

46; 26

38i- 3H

61; —

50; 25
t38 ; 354

55; 27
41; 37

48; 25|c
38-ic ; 33

53e; 24
40 ; 38

40; 224.
35- 31

21)
SO

Kjj .

— ; 38
38; 23

49; 35
38; 23

57; 36
37; 23

— ; 38
39; —

54; 34
34; 25

38, 30
32 23

31

17

13

14

9

S'>

63- 49

59 • 52

63- 49

61; 44

• 37

33

13

15

31

5c

St

122c; 100

114; 105

116 ; 99

944; 77

S5

68- 37

59- 29

66- 33

• 31

424 • 23

%

113

109

113

86

S7

99

89

99

974

80

38

105

95

105

98c

97

85

3<)

120

108

105c

108

96

to

125

117

113c

114

106

II

139; 139

143; 146

129; 131c

134; 135

122; 124

<!'>

132

140

134

124o

117

'IS

75

72 f

72

66c

78

M

197

201

201

198

206

172

45

l(i

184

193
106 ; 93

190o

90; 97

188
101 ; 93

172c
94n; 83c

193c
103; 95

168
82; 85

17

76°

84°

83°

84°

80°

88°

18

18i°

214°

23°

8°

9f°

^

284° ; 38°

34° ; 45°

35°; 464°

20° ; 26°

18|°; 264.°

50

78.40

91. 13

89. 09

89. 74

82.92

84. 07

51

78.97

90.50

82. 69

81.70

77. 70

5'>

79.48

91.04

88.00

90. 32

82. 19

53

102. 85

128. 42

116. 45

r, i

65 38

62.85

75. 78

78.94

68.35

55

94. 57

88 65

50

55. 81

53 19

60.00

57

56 52

50. 00

49 09

53 12

45. 28

55.55

58

81.81

93. 42

90.24

85.71

95.00

88.57

59

71 42

63 15

62.96

78.94

60

94 28

93 68

94.28

100.51

94. 11

*Not strictly in sagittal plane.

t Not parallel to either border

MEMOIRS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 235)

TAHI.E I — Continued.

1

H, 29.

H,32.*

H,33.

H, 34.

H, 35.

H, 36.

H,37.

fl

3

i
5

2nd
?

4th f
M.

4th

?

6th-
M.

5th
?

6th
F.

4th
•

6

7
8
9

ID

149
151
145
141
96

t!48
148
139
136c

164
166c
153 f
145
111

169
171
164
143

t!57
157
144
135

tieo

159
157
135
100

165
166
162
143

11

75

81?

84

74

12

1 ;

97
78

110

80?

106
83?

105
85

102

104

114

94>c

l i

90; 113

85; 112

92c ;

92- 118

90;

96c- V'O?

i:.
L6

IT

112; 112
463
208; 255

121; 121
448
215; 233

113; 113
495
230- 295

119; 119
499
232e- 269c

112; 112
461
207; 254

117; 117
472

121; 124
492
241- 251

18
18

323
114; 92; 117

338
120; 124; 94

361
133; 117; 111

361
127c;113; 121

333
123; 115; 95

343c

366<;
135; 116; 115c

30

"i

333; 300
35A ; 30

334; 311

327; 311
31: J32

337; 313
34; 30A

319; 296

322;
34; 28

350; 326
; 35

22

114

122

133

28

93

99

106c

107e

lOlc

"1

90

92

99

98

•'-,

21

24c

30c

24

26

98; 56

; 64

— ; 65c

116; 71

lllc; 66

"7

42 ; 22A

47; 24

45; 254

55; 24i

48 ; 25

47i ; 26

2g

35; 32

38c ; 36

36 Jc; 36i

38; 36

.„,

43; 33

48; —

53; 40

50;

53; 37

55; 37

90

38; 24

38; 23

— ; 25

SI

H

21

16

33

33

61; 41

— ; 44
6

64; 47
21c

— ; 49
lOc

— ; 47
23

-: si

61; -
25c

34

103 ; 70

110; 95

119; 92

113; 97

:;:,
16

46; 30
86

58; 27

65; 32

63; 32

66; 30
lOoc

57; 30

61; 35

37

80

92

96c

$93

97?

102?

;s
ill

10

11
u
l •;

85
95
102
125; 131
132
60

lOlc
113o
119c
144 c; 148<;
130.-.
64 c

95«
108c
119?
137; 137
136

102
114
119
43; 143
138
72

98
109
117
136; 138
128

95c
106
111
— ; 136
124
66

95
106
115
144; 143
ISSo
69

ii

1X1V

188

202o

20l>c

202?

15
Iti

17

175

81; 85

181
93; 61

85°

193
97; 101

79°

194

95; 84

184
99; 89

77i°

182
94 ; 81

190?
— ; 95c
80°

18

11°

lli°

13°

12°

H

20° ; 28°

234° ; 30°

23^° ; 31°

2H°; 28°

-,n

-,l

93. 37

82.78

91.89
97.29

87.34
82.53

83.62
83. 62

85. 92
86.62

84.90

Wi. 14
86. 74

v

84.50

103. 22

89.70

82.35

53

108. 88

-, 1

i;i'. L'-J

69.56

65.65

56

85. 96

56

1:1. ii'

52. 45

48.87

-.7
68

53. 17
HI. 42

51. 06
94.73

56. 66

44. 54

• 52.08

59.34
100 00

54.73
94 73

vi

77.90

75 47

' 69 81

67 67

n

94.11

U1.08

101.05

91.17

107.36

'The romlitionn of No.-*. :;o and 31 ;ulmitte<l <>t' an tew measurement!* that these are not tabulated.

1 Not in sagittal plane at occiput.

* Taken at lirst permanent molarH, the only molars erupted.

§ General absorption of the alveoli. This is practically a baHilo-tmbnafuU line.

240

MEMOIRS OF TUE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

1

H.38.

H.39.

H.40.

H. 41.

H.42.

H.43.

H.44.

2

3

4
5

4th
I

4th
F,

4th

?

4th
M.

5th
1

4th
f
.%

4th

f

6

"158

161

"176

168

7

150

156

162

175

168

8

148

149

167

167

168

9

138

142

135

149

144

143

10

106

106

103

93

111

11

82

78

84c

80

1°

111

104c

105

114

107

108

IS

88

81

81?

86

1<1

86; —

91; 116c

92;

93; —

82; 113

15

123; 123

— ; H7

113; 113

120: 120

116; 116

120; 120

1(i

465

492

509

493

17

211; 254

231; 261

241; 268

240; 253

18

329

329c

349c

361c

348c

I'l

118; 118; 93

114c;116c; 99;

116; 127; 106c

125; 132; 104c

127; 117; 104c

''0

330;

331; 305

312; 290

340; 311c

326; 311

333; 308

''I

34; 31

35* ; 30

— : 27

36; 29

<><>

123

136

133

O'-j

101

104

105

100

''1

93

98

92

'">

19

''6

114; 65

115; 64

123 ; 75

117; 71

; 69c

<>7

45c ; 23

48c ; 25|

52 : 27

52; 23

51c ; 29

''S

38 ; 36^

37! ; 35!

36 ; 33

oq

50; 38

50; 40

57 ; 40

50;

'SO

40; 19

40; 25

: 27

38; 22

40;

31

16

17

19

S"}

60; 45

64; 48

62; 46

: 52

ss

12

11

16

15!

13

S1

108 ; 93

122 ; 98

115 • 90

— • 116

35
SB

69; 34

61; 29

53; 29
99

67; 35

115'

71; 33
108c

64 ; 33*
106

62 ; 32

S7

91

94

102

91

93

SX

96c

97

109

92

10()c

S9

110

110 '

119

106

116

-10

118

118

127

116

122

41

1 13c ; 144

132c; 134

137; 139

140; 142

143; 143

1°

132

127

116

N133

1S

73

69

70

67

80

l\\

183

172

199

177

•15

164c

188

170

in

• 92

93 • 83

99- 80

108c ; 90

93-

94; 86

17

83°

84°

84°

87°

86|°

-18

14°

14i°

•It

22|° ; 30°

26C ; 34|°

r)0

94. 66

86.53

91.97

82.28

85.11

51

84.61

84. 56

80.00

51?

91. 17

84.50

80. 55

5S

122. 58

117. 34

127. 17

5-1

69.89

65.30

77.17

55

92.68

84.55

87.97

5(>

52.84

47.05

53. 38

57

• 51.11

53 12

51 92

44.23

56 86

58

96. 05

94 66

91.66

59

76 00

80 00

71 05

60

94.79

96 90

93.57

98.91

93 00

*N"ot in sagittal piano at occiput.

MEM01ES OF T1JE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Continued.

241

1

H. 45.

H. 46.

ir. 17.

H. 49.

H. 50.

H. 51.

H. 52.

a

3

4

5

4th
F.

3d
f

4th

f

4th
f

2d
?

2<1

?

4th

?

6

161

146

•IBS

150

145

*160

7

163

148c

159

150

148

160

8

154

139

1 1 1

145

141

161

q

148

145

147

136

139

137

10

98

92

105

103

11

81

88

79

1?

104

109

108

102

96

111

is

88

79

77

M

94; -

95; 114c-

93;

88- 108c

87- 114

91- 119

15

116; 116

113; 113

125; 125

111- 111

112- 112

118- 118

IB

497

468

t483c

451

456

478

17

221; 276

209; 259

220c; 263

203- 248

194- 262

239- ''39

IK

335

344

324

SSOe

349

19

•>n

120; 107r; 108c
339; 310

— ; 100; 108
322?; 300

123; 124; 97
350; 324

129; 120; -

119; 107; 98
307; 290

115; 110; 105
318- 300

120; 114; 108
322- 302

?i

32c; 33c

32; 31

38$ > 284

; 30

'V>,

129

?s

104

104

93

91

100

• i

%

91

98c

92

85

?5

27i

20

-,;

109; 66

— ; 71

; 60

; 57

• 71

«7

47 ; 24£

48 ; 28^?

45; 24

421 ; 20

53- 24

?8

38; 33 J

36; 34

33 ; 30

'*»

53; 38

49; 38

50; 38

42; 32t

45: - —

— ; 36

30

42; 25

41; —

• 27

36-

31

14

16

11

8

.,.,

65 ; 54

65; —

59

57; 42

6''-

ss

17

20

10

10

•;i

122 ; 99

1 14 • 97

35

60; 34

54; 30

64 ; 32

60; 38

36

110

37

99

95

82

81

38

101

10'*

89

87

39

108

lOOc

111

101.

98

in

119

108

120

Ill

106

41

135; 136

123; 126

144; 144

131; 132

131; 132

W

136

123

125

i:i

59

60 i

68c

59c

ii

199

188

176

182

173

45

190

178

168

175

1(54

46

100; 90

94; 81

91 ; 81

83; 81

82; 77

97?; 78?

17

82°

82J°

83°

85°

86°

85°

48

]4^o

144°

13°

49

28° ; 34i°

24^° ; 35°

24° ; 30°

50

90.79

97.97

92. 15

90.66

93. 91

85. 62

51

8'' 82

83 10

90 r<<;

87 33

ss ;, i

si; •':,

V

103. 12

96. 87

74.02

V\

113 54

54

68. 75

65.21

67. 05

55

81. 49

56

51.1ti

57

52. 13

59. 37

53. 33

47. 05

45.28

58

88. 15

94.44

90. 90

59

71. 69

77.55

76.00

76. 19

60

98.01

92. 13

93. 10

* Not in sagittal plane at occiput.

(This is tin- trni' maximum circumference; the circumference at flu' maximum occipital (mint (which coincides with theohelion) is 471.

; Taken at the tirst permanent molar, the second not heiny erupted.

No. 48 is not included in this table, because its condition did not admit of many measurements.
S. Mis. Ki9 16

242

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE I — Concluded.

1

H. 53.

H.54.

H.55.

H.56.

H.57.

o

3
4

g

5th?
1

1. 120cc

4th
I

5th

?

5th
?

4th
F.

6

7
8
9
10

'149
148
145
136
100

145
148
146
134
lOlc

188
188
186
148
107

"159
158
152
143

*152
150
146c
142

H

77

74

85c

12
IS

98
76?

97

104

115c

101

14
15
IB
17

m

83; 115
113; 113
450
201; 249
340

89; —
113; 113
450
206; 244
330

100; —
127; 127
530c
275; 255

92; —
113; 113
476
229; 247

91
121; 121
464
219; 245
3''5

19

122- 115; 103

117; 113; 100

i"0- us-

1 90 > Ill- Ql

20
•>1

330; 303
314 ; 284

320; 301

352; 337

323; 302

322; 302

381 •

22

130

•23
'}<1

96

101

113

102

102

•*>

24

9fi

111 ; 67

106 • 64

104' 69

>>7

48;

46 • 244

45 • 974

'>S

34| ; 32

38- 35

S7 • S'-U

>>q

; 36

52 • 38

59 • 40

SO

— ; 24

88:

40' 27

SI

15

S'>

— ; 48

63- 46

ss

25

15

20c

SI

108; 96

120c,; 87

S5

61; 26

56 ; 32

53- 30

36

103

37

90

38

92

89

S<)

105

98

10

118

109

11

137; 137

139C;

128- 12')

1"

123

123

43

61?

63

11

182

186

183

•H

167c

170

178

172

46

— ; 76

91; 90

91; 85

-17

84°

84°

82°

48

94°

114°

49

20G ; 26^°

22° ; 304°

50
51

91.89
92. 56

90.54
87.16

78.72

90. 50
83.54

94.66
85.33

52

90.47

53

54

81 53

r>ii

49.23

57

53.26

61 11

58

92. 75

92.10

87. 83

r>9

73 07

76 <)'•>

60

101. 12

*Not iu sagittal plane at occiput.

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE II. — Ordination of 18 cephalic indices. — Salado.

243

of?kull. ' Inilel-

No.
of skull.

Index.

No.

of skull.

Index.

1

H.23 78.40

17

H.40

86. 53

33

H.50

90.56

2

H. 55 78. 72

18

H. 19

86.54

34

H. 45

90.79

3

H. 12 78. 97

19

H.33

87.34 1 35

H.24

91.13

4

H.42 82.28

20

H. 9 87.41 : 36

H.32

91.89

5

H. 27 82. 92

21

H. 5

87. 50 37

H.53

91.89

6

II. 34 83. 62

22

H.13

87. 58

38

H.41

91.97

7

H. 28 ! 84. 07

23

H. 11

87.89

39

H.21

92.45

8

H. 15 84. 27

24

H. 8

88.07

40

H.47

92. 45

9

H. 16

84.27

25

H. 17

88.41

41

H.29

93.37

10

H.36

84.90 *

26

H. 14 : 88.55

42

H. 6

93.71

11

H.44

85. 11

27

H. 25 89. 09

43

H.51

93.91

12

H.52

85. 62 :

28

H. 26 1 89. 74

44

H.39

94.66

13

11.18

85.79

29

H. 2 90. 00 45

H.57

94. 66

14

H. 7

85.80

30

H. 10 90. 50 46

H. 4

96.00

15

H.35

85.92

81

H.56 90.50 47

H. 3

96.17

16

H.37

86.14

32

H.54

90.54

48

H.46

97.97

Variation, 19 57. Theoretical mean of variation, 88.19. Skull nearest to mean, H. 8. Aver
age, 88.47.

TABLE III. — Seriation of 48 cephalic indicen. — Salado.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

1

77 to 78

1

12

88

3

2

78

2

13

89

• 2

3

79

0

14

90

6

4

80

0

15

91

1

5

81

0

16

92

2

6

82

2

17

93

3

7

83

1

18

94

2

8

84

4

19

95

0

9

85

5

20

96

2

10

86

3

21

97 to 98

1

11

87

5

Maximum of frequency, 90.

TABLE IV. — Ordination of 16 cephalic indices of apparently normal skulls. — Salado.

No.

Index.

No.

Index.

1

H.23

78.40

9

H.40

86.53

2

II. 12

78.97

10 11.19

86.54

3

H. 34

83. 62

11

11.25

89.09

4

H. 15

84.27

12

H.26

89. 74

5

H.86

84,90

13

H.54

90.54

6

II. II

85.11

14

H.21

92.45

7

11. IS

85.79

15

H.39

ill.tiO

8

H. 7

85.80

16

H.57

94.66

40.

Variation, 16.20. Theoretical mean of variation, 80.53. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 7 and H.

Average, 80.94.

No. H. 55, an apparently normal skull, of which the vault only is preserved, has a normal
index of 78.72, but it is aberrant as regards the rest of the group by reason of its much greater
size and different configuration.

No. II. 23, having lowest cephalic index, has next to lowest vertico- trans verse index. The
lowest vertico-transverse index is in the skull of a child.

244

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE V. — tSeriation of 16 cephalic indices of apparently normal skulls. — tialatlo.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

Index.

1

Num. ner ot
skulls.

78 to 79

2

10

87

0

79

0

11

88

0

80

0

12

89 i 2

81

0

13

90

1

82

0

14

91

0

83

1

15

92

1

84

2

16

93

0

85 to 86 3

17

94 to 95

2

86 , -2

Maximum of frequency, 85 to 86.

TABLE VI. — Of the cephalic indices of all the skulls. — tialado.

48

Per cent.

Number below 80.00

3

6 25

Number 1'rom 80.00 to 89.99

25

59 09

Number from 90.00 uji

20

41 66

48

100.00

Minimum index, 77.65. Maximum index, 97.97.

TABLE VII. — Ordination of -17 length-breadth Indices (German). — Salado.

\ iiniluT
of skull.

Index.

Number
of skull.

Index.

Number
of skull.

Index.

1

H. 23

78.40

17

H. 35

85. 98

33

H. 21

91.87

2

H. 55

78.72

18

H. 37

86.66

34

H. 32

91. 89

3

II. 12

78.97

-19

H. 9

86. 84

35

H. 45

91. 92

4

H. 42

81.81

20

H. 5

87. 50

36

H. 10

92.25

5

H. 28

82.50

21

H. 11

87.89

37

H. 54

92.41

6

H. 27

83. 43

22

H. 13

88. 15

38

H. 41

92. 54

7

H. 36

84.37

23

H. 33

88.41

39

H. 57

93. 42

8

H. 19

84.57

24

H. 14

88.55

40

H. 24

93. 50

9

H. 34

84.61

25

H. 25

88. 55

41

H. 6

93. 71

10

H. 15

84.81

26

H. 8

89.44

42

H.29

94. 63

11

H. 16

84 81

27

H. 56

89.93

43

H. 51

95. 86

12

H. 44

85. 11

28

H. 26

90. 32

44

H.47

96. 07

13

H.40

85. 44

29

H. 17

90. 62

45

H. 3

96.17

14

H.52

85. 62

30

H. 50

90. 66

46

H. 4

98. 63

15

H. 18

85.79

31

H.53

91. 27

47

H.46

99.31

16

H. 7

85.80

32

H. 2

91.72

•

Variation, 20.91. Theoretical mean of variation, 88.86. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 14 and
H. 25. Average, 88.75.

TABLE VDI. — Ordination of 38 vertico-lont/itudinal indices. — tialado.

Number
of skull.

Index.

1 |

Number
of skull.

Inilnv Number
of skull.

Index.

•

\

H. 23

78.79

14

H. 56

83. 54

27 H. 37

86.74

2

H. 15

79. 87

15 H. 34

83. 62

28 H. 54

87. It!

3

H. 42

80.00

16 | H. 41

84. 56

29 11. 50

87. 33

4

H. 27

81.70

17 j H. 40

84. 61

30 H. 51

88.51

5

H. 33

82. 53

18 H. 11

84.71

31 H. 3

88. 59

6

11. 26

82.69

19

H. 44

85. 11

32 H. 9

89.40

7

H. 29

82.78

20

H. 4

85.33

33 H. 2 1 90.00

8

H. 45

82.82

21

H. 57

85. 33

34 H. 24

90. 50

9

H. 17

82.92

22 H. 19

85. 38

35 H. 47

90. 56

10

H. 4(i

83. 10

23 ! H. 52

86. 25

36 H. 13

91.50

11

H. 14 83. 13

24

II. 1

86. 36

37 H. 10

91.77

12

H. 5 83.33

25

H. 18

86.39

38 H. 53

92. 56

13

H. 7

83. 33.

26

H. 35

86.62

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

245

Variation, 13.59. Theoretical mean of variation, 85.76. Skull nearest to mean, 1 1. IS). Average,
83.87.

II. 28, a child's skull, with index of 77.70, and H. ,'52, aberrant in size and form (see § 11), with
index of 1)7.2!), are excluded from the above ordination.

TABLE IX. — Seriation of 39 vertico-longitudinal indices. — Saludo.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

Index.

Number of
skulls.

78 to 79

1

88

2

79

1

89

1

80

1

90

3

81

1

91

2

82

5

92

1

S3

6

93

0

84

3

94

0

85

4

95

0

86

5

96

0

87

2

97 to 98

1

Maximum of frequency, 83; 97 to 98, one skull, not included in the ordination.
TABLE X. — Ordination of 11 vertico-longitudinal indices of apparently normal skulls. — Salado.

Number
of skull.

Index.

Number
of skull.

Index.

1

H. 23

78.97

7

H. 44

85.11

2

H. 15

79. 87

8

H. 57

85.33

3

H. 26 82. 69

9

H. 19

85.38

4

H. 7 83.33

10

H. 18

SH.3H

5

H. 34

83. 62

11

11.51

87.16

6

H. 40 84. 61

TABLE XI. — Heriation of 11 vertico-longitudinal indices of apparently normal skulls. — Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index*

Number
of skulls.

78 to 79

1

83

2

79

1

84

1

80

0

85

3

81

0

86

1

82

1

87 to 88

1

TABLE XII. — Ordination of all the skulls in which the vertico-longitudinal index exceed* the cephalic,
showing excess inper cent of greatest length. — Salado.

No.

Excess.

No.

Excess.

1

H. 18

0.50

6

H.a5

0.70

2

1 1.23

0. 57

7

H. 10

1.20

3

H. 37

0.60

8

H. 9

1.99

4

H. 52

0.63

9

ii. i:;

3.92

5

H.53

0.67

10

H.32

5.40

Variation, 4.90. Theoretical mean of variation, 2.95. Skulls nearest to mean, II. 9, and H. 13.
Skulls II. 18 and H. 23 are from the apparently normal group.

TABLE XIII. — Seriation of all the skull? in which the vertico-longitudinal index exceeds the cephalic,
showing excess in per cent of greatest length. — Salado.

Excess.

Numl>er
of skulls.

KXCCHH.

Number
of skulls.

1

Oto 1

6

4

3

1

2

1

2

5

4

0

3

2

ii

6

5 to 6

1

246

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XIV. — Ordination of vertico-transverse indices. — Salado.

No.
of skull.

Width.

Height.

Index.

No.
of skull.

Width.

Height.

Index.

1

H.46

14.5

12.3

84.82

21

H.40

13.5

13.2

97.77

2

H. 4

14.5

12.8

88.27

22

H.47

14.7

14.4

97. 95

3

H.29

14.1

12.5

88.65

23

H.27

13.6

13.4

98.52

4

H.57

14.2

12.8

90.14

24

H.19

14.8

14.6

98. 64

5

H.45

14.8

13.5

91.21

25

H.24

14.4

14.3

99.30

6

H.41

14.9

13.7

91.94

26

H. 2

14.4

14.4

100. 00

7

H.26

14.0

12.9

92.14

27

H.34

14.3

14.3

100. 00

8

H.56

14.3

13.2

92.30

28

H.44

14.3

14.3

100. 00

9

H.28

13.2

. 12.2

92.42

29

H. 18

14.5

14.6

100. 68

10

H. 17

14.5

13.6

93.79

30

H.37

14.3

14. 4 100. 69

11

H. 14

14.7

13.8

93.87

31

H.23

13.8

13.9 ! 100.72

12

H.51

13.9

13.1

94.24

32

H.52

13.7

13.8

100. 72

13

H.33

14.5

13.7

94.48

33

H.53

13.6

13. 7 ! 100. 73

14

H. 15

13.4

12.7

94.77

34

H.35

13.5

13. 6 ; mo. 74

15

H. 5

14.7

14.0

95.23

35

H.10

14.3

14.5 101.39

16

H.54

13.4

12.9

96.26

36

H. 9

13.2

13.5

102. 27

17

H.50

13.6

13.1

96.32

37

H.38

13.8

14.3

103. 62

18

H.ll

13.8

13.3

96. 37

38

H. 13

13.4

14.0

104. 47

19

H. 7

13.9

13.5

97.12

39

H.32

13.6

14.4

105. 88

20

H.42

14.4

14.0

97.22

TABLE XV. — Of the vertico-transverse indices of all the skulls. — Salado.

Per cent.

Number of indices ..

40

Number below 80.00

3

7.5

Number from 80.00 to 89.99

30

75.0

Number from 90.00 up

7

17.5

40

100.0

Minimum index, 77.70; maximum index, 97.29. Neither of these two indices come in the
normal series, as the minimum is that of a child, the maximum aberrant. They therefore do iiot
appear in the ordination.

TABLE XVI. — Ordination of the apparently normal skills, with reference to the differences betir een
their respective cephalic and vertico-transverse indices, expressed in per cent of the greatest
leng th. — Salado.

[The sign + indieates that the cephalic inilex is greater than the vertico-transverse. The sign — indicates that the vertiro-transverae index

is greater than the cephalic.]

No.

Difference.

No.

Difference.

1

H.23

—.57

7

H. 7

+2.47

2

H. 18

—.50

8

H.54

+3. 38

3

H. 34

.00

9

H. 15

+4.40

4

H.44

.00

10

H.26

+7. 05

5

H.19

+1.16

11

H.57

+9.33

6

H.40

+1.92

Variation, 9.90. Theoretical mean of variation, 4.38. Skull nearest to mean, IT. 15. This
skull then shows what may be arithmetically regarded as a typical relation of vertico-transverse
and cephalic indices.

MEM01KS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

247

TABLE XVII. — Ordination of mixed indices. — Salado.

No. of skull.

Vertico-
transvcrse
index.

Vertico-

lonuitmlina]

index.

Mixed
index.

1

II. Ill

84.82

83.10

83.96

2

H.29

88. 65

82. 78

85.71

3

II. 1

88.27

85.33

86.80

4

H.45

91.21

82.82 87.01

5

H.26

92. 14

82. till •

87.41

6

H. 15

94. 97

79. 87

87.42

7

H.57

90.14

85. 33

87.73

8

H.56

92. 30

83. 54

87.92

9

H.41

91. 94

84.56

88.25

10

H. 17

93.79

82. 92

88.35

11

H.33

94.48

82.53

88.50

12

H. 14

93. 87

83. 13

88.50

13

H.42

97. 22

80. 00

88.61

14

H. 5

95. 23

s:;.:;:i

89.28

15

ILL':;

100.72

78. 79

89. 75

16

H.27

!K 52

81.70

90.11

17

H. 7 97.12

83.33

90. 22

18

H. 11 96.37

84.71 !H).5I

19

H.40

97. 77

84.61 91.19

20

11.51

94. 24

88. 51

91. 37

L>1

H.54

96. 26

87. 16

91.71

22

H.34

100.00

83.62

91.81

23

H.50

96.32

87. 33

91.82

24

II. 1!)

98.61

85. 38

92.01

25

H.44

100.00

85. 11

92.55

26

H. 52

100.72

86. 25

93. 48

27

H. 18

100. 68

K6. 39

93.53

28

H. 35

100.74

86. 62

93.68

29

H. 37

100.69

86. 74

93.71

30

H. 17

97. 95 !K>. 56

94.25

31

H.24

99. 30 90. 50

9-1.90

32

H. 2

100. 00 90. 00

95.00

33

H. 9

102.27 i 89.40

95.83

34

H.10

101. 39 91. 77

96. 58

35

H.53

100. 73

92. 56

96.64

36

H.13

104.47

91.50

97.98

Average; . .

96.46

85. 40

90.94

TABLE XVIII. — Ordination of 29 nnglcx of Daubenton. — Salado.

Number
of
skull.

Angle.

Number
of
Hkull.

Angle.

•

o •'

o /

1

H. 15

4 30

16

H. 19

14 00

2

H. 16

7 30

17

H.40

14 00

3

B.27

8 00

18

II. i::

14 30

4

H. 28

9 30

19

11. H;

14 30

5

II.:,::

9 30

20

11.50

14 30

6

H. 6

10 00

21

11. :t

15 00

7

H. 8

10 :-«)

22

H. 11

15 30

8

H. 5

11 00

23

H. 7

16 00

9

H.29

11 00

24

11. 17

17 00

10

II.::::

11 30

25

H. 10

18 30

11

11.57

11 30

26

H.28

18 30

12

11.36

12 00

27

H. IK

20 00

13

11.20

12 30

28

1 1 . •_' 1

21 30

14

H. 34

13 00

1 29

H.25

23 00

15

H.52

13 00 jl

Variation, 18° 30'.
Average, 13° 30'

Theoretical mean, 13° 4;V. Skulls nearest to mean, II. 19 and H. 40.

248

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABKL XIX.— Seriation of 29 angles of Daubenton. — Salado.

Angle.

Number
of
skulls.

Angle.

Number
of
skulls.

1

4° to 5°

1

11

14°

5

2

5

0

12

15

2

S

6

0

13

16

1

4

7

1

14

17

1

5

8

1

15

18

2

6

9

2

16

19

0

7

10

2

17

20

1

8

11

4

18

21

1

9

12

2

19

22

0

10

13

2

20

23 to 24

1

Maximum of frequency, 14°.

TABLE XX.— Ordination of 29 occipital angles.- Salado.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

o /

0 1

1

H.15

13 30

16

H. 3

24 00

2

H.28

18 30

17

H.52

24 00

3

H. 6

19 00

18

H.50

24 30

4

H. 16

19 00

19

H. 14

25 00

5

H. 5

20 00

20

H. 19

25 30

6

H.27

20 00

21

H. 43

26 00

7

H.29

20 00

• 22

H. 7

27 30

8

H.53

20 00

23

H.46

28 00

9

H. 8

21 30

24

H. 23

28 30

10

H.36

21 30

25

H. 17

29 00

11

H.57

22 00

26

H. 10

30 00

12

II. II)

22 30

27

H. 18

30 30

13

H. 20

23 00

28

H.24

34 00

14

H.33

23 30

29

H. 25

35 00

IT,

H.34

23 30

Variation, 21° .W. Theoretical mean, 24° 15'. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 3, H. 52, H. 50
Average, 24° 6'.

TABLE XXI. — Seriation of 29 occipital angles. — Salado.

Angle.

N lirnhrr

of skulls.

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

1

13° to 14°

1

13

25°

2

2

14

0

14

26

1

3

15

0

15

27

1

4

16

0

16

28

2

5

17

0

17

29

1

6

18

1

18

30

2

7

19

2

19

31

0

8

20

4 !! 20

32

0

9

21

2 ,| 21

33

0

10

22

2 22

34

1

11

23 I 3 ji 23

35 to 36

1

12

24

3 I

Maximum of frequency, 20°

MKM01HS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

249

TABLE XXII. — Ordination of 29 baMar ant/lea. — JSalado.

No. of
skull.

Anglo.

N,l. Ml

skull.

Angle.

0 1

0 '

1

H.15

18 00

16

H.34

31 00

2

H. 6

24 00

17

H. 3

31 30

8

H. Ifi

25 00

18

H.19

32 30

4

H. 5

26 00

19

H. 14

33 30

5

H.27

26 00

20

H.43

34 30

6

H.28

26 30

21

H.46

34 30

7

H.53

26 30

22

H.50

35 00

8

H. 29

28 00

23

H. 7

36 30

II

H.36

28 00

24

. H. 10

38 00

10

H. 8

28 30

25

H.23

38 00

11

H.33

30 00

26

H. 17

38 30

12

H.40

30 00

27

H. 18

40 00

13

H.52

30 00

28

H.24

45 00

14

H.20

30 30

29

H.25

46 30

15

H.57

30 30

Variation, 28° 30'. Theoretical mean, 32° 15'. Skull nearest to mean, H. 19. Average, 31° 48'.
TABLE XXIII. — Meriation of 29 basilar anglex. — tfalado.

An^'li-.

Number
of skulla.

Angle.

N iiur.. i
of skulls.

1

18° to 19°

1

16

33°

1

2

19

0

17

34

2

3

20

0

18

35

1

4

21

0

19

36

1

5

22

0

20

37

0

6

23

0

21

38

3

7

24

1

22

39

0

s

25

1

23

40

1

9

26

4

24

41

0

10

27

0

25

42

0

11

28

3

26

43

0

12

29 0

27

44

0

13

30

5

28

45

1-

14

31

2

I'll

46 to 47

1

IE

32

1

1

Maximum of frequency, 30°.

TAHLE XXIV. — Average cranial capacity of 12 small series of ahull 8 in tlie general collection of the

Army Medical Museum.

Kaoes or trilx'H.

Total

Mllltllirl

of skulls.

Average
capacity.

Sandwich Islanders ...

6

1491

Mongolians (2 Japanese, 2 Chinese^ .

4

I ii;:,

Siouan (4 Sioux, 4 1'oncus, 2 Minnri .trees)

10

1463

NVw /o:ilandcrs ....*

4

1453

American iio'TocH .. .

6

1383

North American Indians (11 trills, exclusive of Baladoan*)..
I'ah-rtrs

47

7

i:i7i
1367

KNkiino8 (4 Al;tska, 6 Greunlnud)

10

1357

6

1331

10

1323

6

1315

Peruvians (4 artificially elongated, 3 with anturo-posterior
compression 2 normal, 1 plagio-cenhalic) .

10

1295

250

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XXV. — Length in millimetres of 28 pteria. — Salado.

No. of

skull.

Right
side.

Left
aide.

No. of
skull.

Kicht
aide.

Left
side.

H 7

11

H. 19

10

12

H 10

10

9

H 22

9

H.ll

9

H. 24

8

H. 12

16

H. 28

13

12

H. 13

5

H. 29

13

16

II. 11

12

H. 38

10

H. 15

3

H. 40

6

H 16

11

12

H 42

19

H. 17

20

18

H. 50

14

H. 18

15

H.51

16

16

TABLE XXVI. — Ordination of 19 facial indices according to Virchon-. — S<il«do.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

1

H. 23

102. 85

11

H.ll

118.00

2

H. 16

106. 45

12

H. 18

120. 40

3

H.29

108. 88

13

H. 19

121. 21

4

H. 17

109.00

14

H. 40

122. 58

5

H. 5

110. 67

15

H. 43

127. 17

6

H. 1

111. 65

16

H. 14

127. 55

7

H. 4

112. 24

17

H. 24

128. 42

8

H. 45

113. 54

18

H. 15

129.67

9

H. 28

116. 45

19

H.20

131. 25

10

H. 41

117. 34

Variation, 28.40. Theoretical mean of variation, 117.05. Skull nearest to mean and median
of ordination, H. 41. Average, 117.64.

TABLE XXVII. — Seriation of 19 facial indices according to Virchotc. — Salado.

Index.

Number
ot skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

102 to 103

1

112

1

122

1

103

0

113

1

123

0

104

0

114

0

124

0

105

0

115

0

125

0

106

1

116

1

126

0

107

0

117

1

127

2

108

1

118

1

128

1

109

1

119

0

129

1

110

1

120

1

130 : 0

111

1

121

1

131 to 132

1

Maximum of frequency, 127. The seriation is so incoherent that the discussion of variation
as dependent on it has little significance.

TABLE XX VIII. — Ordination of 34 upper facial indices according to Virckow. — Salado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of

skull.

Index.

1

H.29

62.22

13

H.51

67.05

25

H. 19

72.72

2

H. 23

62.85

14

H. 4

67. 34

26

H. 8

72.92

3

H. 50

65.21

15

H. 9

68. 31

27

H. 3

73. 71

4

H. 41

65.30

16

H. 28

68. 35

28

H. 15

74.72

5

H.22

65. 38

17

H. 2

68.42

29

H.24

75. 78

6

H. 16

65.59

18

H. 45

68.75

30

H. 10

76.34

7

H. 33

65.65

19

H. 6

69. 32

31

H.20

77.08

8

H. 7

66.00

20

H. 32

69. 56

32

H. 43

77. 17

9

H. 17

66. 00

21

H.40

69.89

33

H. 27

78. 94

10

H. 5

66.01

22

H. 18

70.40

34

H. 14

79.59

11

H. 21

66.66

23

H.ll

71.00

12

H. 13

67.00

24

H. 1

72.72

•

Variation, 17.37.
Average, 69.82.

Theoretical mean of variation, 70.90. Skull nearest to mean, H. 11.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 25 I

TABLE XXIX. — Seriation of 34 upper facial indices according to Virchoir. — Salado.

Index.

skulls.

Index.

N'o. of
skulls.

62 to 63

2

71

1

63

n

72

3

64

0

73

1

65

5

74

1

66

4

75

1

67

3

76

1

68

1

77

2

69

:;

78

1

70

!

79 to 80

1

Maximum of frequency, 65.

TABLE XXX. — Ordination of 17 facial indices according to Kollmann. — Salado.

V. i,|

skull.

Index.

So. ,,l
skull.

Index.

1

H.56

81.53

10

H.43

87.97

2

H. 1(>

81.81

11

1 1 . 25

88.65

3

H. 19

82. 19

12

H. 20

90. 64

4

H. 45

84.49

13

H. 11

91.47

5

H.41

84. 55

14

If. 40

92. 68

6

H. 17

85. 86

15

H. 15

93. 65

7

H.29

85.96

16

H.24

94.57

8

H. 18

86. 13

17

H. 14

97.65

9

H. 1

86. 50

Variation, 16.112. Theoretical mean of variation, 89.59. Skull nearest to mean, H. 25. Aver
age, 88.01.

TABLE XXXI. — Seriation of 17 facial indices according to KoUmann. — iSalado,

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

1

81 to 82

2

10

90

1

2

82

1

11

91

1

3

83

0

12

92

1

4

84

2

13

93

1

5

85

2

14

94

1

6

86

2

15

95

0

7

87

1

16

96

0

8

88

1

17

97 to 98

1

9

89

0

f

Maximum of frequency, 84, 85, and 86.

TABLE XXXII. — Ordination of 27 upper facial indicot according to Kollmann. — tialado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

1

H. 41

47.05

15

H. 13

52. 75

2

11.33

48.87

16

H. 40

52.84

3

H. 21

48.92

17

H. 25

53. 19

4

H.29

I'A li'

18

H.20

53. 23

5

H. 56

49. 23

19

H. 43

63. >

6

II. 19

19. 31

20

H. 1

53. 9«

7

H. 18

50. 36

21

H.15

53. 96

8

H. 7

50. 38

22

H. 9

54. 76

9

H. 8

50. 38

23

H. 11

55. 03

10

H. 16

50. 41

24

H.24

55. 81

11

II. 45

51. 15

25

H. 10

56. 34

12

H. 3

51. 43

26

11.27

tiO. 00

13

H. 17

51.96

27

H. 14

60. 93

14

H. 32

52. 45

252

MEMOIRS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

Variation, L'5.8S. Theoretical mean of variation, 53.99. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 1 and(H.
15. Average, 52.48.

Excluding II. 27 and H. 14 the variation is 9.27, the mean 51.69, the skull nearest the mean
H. 3, and the average 51.85.

TABLE XXXIII. — Seriation of 27 upper facial indices according 1<> Kollmann. — Kalado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Indus .

Number
of skulls*.

1

47 to 48

1

8

54 1

2

48

2

9

55 2

3

49

3

10

56

1

4

50

4

11

57

0

5

51

3

12

58

0

6

52

3

13

59

0

7

53

5

14

60 to 61

2

Maximum of frequency, 53.

TABLE XXXIV. — Ordination of 44 German profile angles. — Ralado.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Ani;le.

O 1

o /

O '

1

H. 22

76 00 | 16

H. 46

82 30

31

H. 32

85 00

2

H. 4

77 00 j 17

H. 24

83 00

32

H. 50

85 00

3

H. 35

77 30 ! 18

H. 40

83 00

33

H. 52

85 00

4

H. 2

78 00 f 19

H. 49

83 00

34

ii. <;

86 00

5

H. 9

78 00 !i 20

H. 7

84 00

35

H. 14

86 00

6

H. 33

-79 00 21

H. 15

84 00

36

H. 51

86 00

7 i H. 1

79 30 : 22

H. 16

84 00

37

H. 3

86 30

81 H. 10

80 00 ! 23

H. 23

84 00

38

H. 44

86 30

9

H. 11

80 00 24

H. 25

84 00

39

H. 5

87 00

10

H. 27

80 00 ! 25

H. 41

84 00

40

H. 43

87 00

11 H. 37

80 00 i 26

H. 42

84 00

41

H. 18

88 00

12 H. 13

81 00 27

H. 54

84 00

42

H. 28

88 00

13

H. 45

82 00 i 28

H. 56

84 00

43

H. 17

88 30

14

H. 57

82 00 29

H. 8

84 30

44

H. 19

89 00

15

H. 20

82 30 30

H. 21

85 00

Variation, 13°. Theoretical mean, 82° 30'. Skulls nearest to mean, H. 20 and H. 46.
age, 83° 25'. Skulls nearest to average, H. 24, H. 40, H. 49.

TABLE XXXV. — Seriation of 44 German profile angles. — Kalado.

Aver-

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

1

76° to 77°

1

8

83°

3

2

77

2

9

84

10

• 3

78

2

10

85

4

4

79

2

11

86

5

5

80

4

12

87

2

6

81

1

13

88

3

7

82

4

11

89 to 90

1

Maximum of frequency, 84°.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

253

TABLE XXXVI. — Ordination of 39 gnathic indices. — Sa-lado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

N,, ,,l
skull.

Index.

No. ol'
skull.

Index.

1

H. 18

88.78

14

H.24

93.68

27

H. 7

97.00

2

H. 19

89.90

15

H.13

94.00

28

H.45

98.01

3

H.30

90.00

16

H.28

94.11

29

H. 14

98.01

4

H. 17

90.81

17

H.29

94.11

30

H.35

98.36

5

H.32

91.08

18

H.23

94.28

31

H.43

98.91

6

H.34

91.17

19

H.25

94.28

32

H. 11

100.00

7

H. 9

91.83

20

H.40

94. 79

33

H.27

100. 51

8

H. 3

92.07

21

H. 6

!!,-.. I.',

34

H. 1

101.01

9

H.50

92.13

22

H. 8

95. 91

35

H.33

101. 05

10

H.44

93.00

23

H. 10

96.00

36

H.f>7

101. 12

11

H.51

93.10

24

H. 5

96.11

37

H. 2

102.06

12

H.42

93. 57

25

II. i:.

96.70

38

H.37

107.36

13

H. 16

93.61

26

H.41

96. 90 39

H. 4

110. 11

Variation, 21.33. Theoretical mean, 99.44. Skull nearest mean, H. 11. Average, 95.92.
Skulls II. 7, H.15, H. 18, H. 19, H.23, H.25, H.34, H.40, H.44, and H. 57 (10 in all) are
apparently normal. Their average index is 94.10.

TABLE XXXVII. — tteriation of 3!) gnathic indicex. — Salado.

Index.

Number

of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

88 to 89

1

100

2

8'.»

1

101

3

90

2

102

1

91

3

103

0

92

2

104

0

93

5

105

0

94

6

106

0

95

2

107

1

96.

4

108

0

97

1

109

0

98

4

110 to 111

1

99

0

Maximum of frequency, 94.

TABLE XXXVI11. — Narintion of 37 gnathic indices (aberrant figures excluded). — Nuludo.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number

ol skulls.

88 to 89

1

96

4

89

1

97

1

90

2

98

4

91

3

99

0

92

2

100

2

93

r.

101

3

94

6

102 1

95

2

Variation, 13.2S. Theoretical moan, 95.42. Skull nearest mean, H. (>. Average, 95.20.

254: MEMOIKS OF TI1E NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XXXIX. — Lint of indices and angles of alveolo-sulmasal prognathism.— Salado.

No. of
skull.

Vertical
measure-
merit.

Horizontal
measure
ment.

Index.

Angle.

No. of
skull.

Vertical
measure
ment.

Horizontal
measure
ment.

ludex.

Angle.

mm.

mm.

o

mm.

mm.

o

H. 2

15

7.5

50.00

63|

H.23

15

5

33.33

72

ii. :;

19

4

21. 05

78

H.24

16

5

31.25

73

H. 4

15

8

53.33

62

H.25

22

6

27.27

75

H. 5

21

9

42.85

67

H.33

21

6

28. 57

744

H. 7

14

6.5

46.42

66

H.35

20

9

45. 00

66

H. 10

20

6.5

32.50

72

H.37

16

9

56. 25

62

H.ll

19

7.5

39.47

68

H.42

22

7

31.81

72|

H.U

18

8

44.44

66

H.43

21

3

14.28

82

H. 15

17

10

58. 82

60

H.45

16

5

31. 25

73

H. Ifi

16

5

31.25

73

II. ii;

15

7

46.66

66

H. 17

17

3

17.64

79*

11.51

17

7

41.17

68

H.18

20

6

30.00

73

H. 56

16

5

31. 25

73

H. 19

17

4

23.52

76

H.57

13

8

61.53

59!

H.20

24

8.5

•35. 41

70!

TABLE XL. — Ordination of 27 indices of alveolo-subnasal prognathism. — Saludo.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

1

H.43

14.28

10

H.45

31.25

19

H.U

2

H. 17

17.64

11

H. 56

31.25

20

H. 35

3

H. 3

21. 05

12

H.42

31.81

21

H. 7

4

H. 19

23. 52

13

H. 10

32. 50

22

H.46

5

1 1 . 25

27.27

14

H.23

33. 33

23

H. 2

6

H. 33

28. 57

15

.H.20

35. 41

24

H. 4

7

H. 18

30.00

16

H. 11

39. 47

25

H.37

8

H. 16

31.25

17

H.54

41.17

26

H. 15

9

H.24

31.25

18

H. 5

42. 85

27

H.57

Index.

44.44
45. 00
46.42
46.66
50. 00
53. 33
56. 25
58. 82
61.53

Variation, 47.25. Theoretical mean of variation, 37.00. Skull nearestto mean, H. 11. Aver
age, 37.27.

TABLE XLI. — Ordination of 27 angles of alveolo-subnasal prognathism. — Salado.

No. of
skull.

Anglo.

No. of
skull.

Anglo.

No. of
skull.

Angle.

0

o

1

H.57

59!

10

H. 5

67

19

H.24

73

2

H. 15

60

11

H.ll

68

20

H.45

73

3

H. 4

62

12

H.54

68

21

H.5fi

73

4

H.37

62

13

H.20

70!

22

H. 33

74!

5

H. 2

631

14

H.10

72

23

H. 25

75

6

H. 7

66

15

H.23

72

24

H. 19

76

7

H. 14

66

16

H.42

72!

25

H. 3

78

8

H.35

66

17

H. 16

73

26

H.17

79!

9

H.46

66

18

H.18

73

27

H.43

82

Variation, 22J°. Theoretical mean of variation, 70f°.
mean and average, H. 20

Average, 70+°. Skull nearest to

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

255

TABLE XLII. — Seriation of 27 angles of alpeolo-subnaisal prognathism. — Salado.

Maximum of sedation, 73.

Angle.

Number
of Hkulls.

Angle.

Number
of skulls.

1

59 to 60

1

13

71

0

2

60

1

14

72

3

3

61 I 0

15

73

5

4

62

2

16

74

1

5

63

1

17

75

1

6

64

0

18

76

1

7

65

0

19

77

0

8

66

4

20

78

1

9

67

1

21

79

1

10

68

'-!

22

80

0

11

69

0

23

81

(1

12

70

1

24

82

1

TABLE XLIII. — Ordination of 38 orbital indices. — Salado.

No. of I,,A,, No. of
skull, i skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

1

H.22

81.81

14 1 H. 18

89.18

27

H.41

94.66

2

H. 1

82.92

15 H. 8

89. 61 28

H.32

94. 73

3

H. 6

84.61

16 H. 13

89.87

29

H.37

94.73

4

H. 5

85.36

17

H.25

90.24

30

H.20

111., MI

5

H. 19

85.71

18

H. 17

90. 78 31

H. 11

94.87

6

H.26

85.71

19

H.51

90.90 •' 32

11.12

!).->. 00

7

H.21

85. 89

20

H.29

91.42 j 33

H.27

95. 00

8

H. 3

87.17

21 H.43

91.66 34

H.40

96. 05

9

H.57

87. 83 , 22 H. 16

91.89 1 35

H. 4

97. 29

10

H. 10

88.09 23 H.56

92. 10 | 36

H. 15

97.29

11

H.45

88. 15 24 H. 53

92.75 i 37

H. 14

98.64

12

H.28

88. 57 2r>

H.24

93. 42 38

. H.36

100.00

13

H. 7

88.75

26

H.49

94.44

Variation, 18.19. Theoretical mean of variation, 90.90. Skull nearest to mean, H. 51. Aver
age, 91.10.

Among the above skulls, H. 19, H. 2(5, H. 21, H. 57, H. 7, H. 18, H. 25, II. 12, H. 40, H. 15,
and II. 36, eleven in all, belong to apparently normal skulls; their average index is 91.06.

TABLE XLIV. — Seriation of 38 orbital indices. — Salado.

Maximum of frequency, 94.

Index.

Number
of MkullH.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

81 to 82

1

91

3

82

1

92

2

83

0

93

1

84

1

94

6

85

4

95

2

86

0

96

1

87

2

97

2

88

4

98

1

89

3

99

0

90

3

100 to 101

1

256

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE XLV. — Ordination of 44 nasal indices. — Salado.

Number.

Index.

Number.

Index.

Number.

Index.

1

H.43

44.23

16

H.24

50.00

31

H.29

53. 57

2

H.34

44.54

17

H. 2

51.06

32

H. 19

53. 84

3

H. 14

45.28

18

H. 8

51.06

33

H.18

54. 00

4

H.27

45.28

19

H.32

51.06

34

H. 4

54. 34

5

H.52

45. 28

20

H.40

51.11

35

H.37

54. 73

6

H. 9

45. 91

21

H.42

51. 92

36

H.16

54. 94

7

H. 6

46.00

22

H. 5

52.00

37

H.28

55. 55

8

H. 15

46.07

23

H.35

52.08

38

H.22

56. 52

9

H.51

47.05

24

H.45

52. 13

39

H.33

56. 66

10

H. 10

47.95

25

H. 3

52. 94

40

H.44

56. 86

11

H. 7

48.00

26

H. 17

53.06

41

H. 36

59.34

12

H.01

48.42

27

H.26

53.12

42 ! H.49

59.37

13

H.21

48.92

28

H.41

53. 12

43 ! H.20

60.00

14

H. 11

48.97

29

H.56

53. 26

44 ! H. 57 i 61. 11

15

H.25

49. 09

30

H.50

53.33

Variation, 16.88. Theoretical mean of variation, 52.67. Skull nearest to mean, H. 3. Aver
age, 51.66.

TABLE XLVI. — Seriation of 4-1 nasal indices. — tialado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

1

2
3
4
5

44 to 45
45
46

47
48

2
4
2
2
4

10
11
12
13
14

53
54

55
56
57

7
4
1
8

A

49

1

15

58

It- 00 S3

50
51
52

1

5
4

16
17
18

1

59
60
61 to 62

2
1
1

Maximum of frequency, 53.

Skull, H. 30, with nose deflected to one side, as by a blow, has an index of 42.34.

TABLE XLVI1. — Anterior nasal spine. — Salado.

No. of
ukull.

Descrip
tive No.

No. of
skull.

Descrip
tive No.

No. of
skull.

Descrip
tive No.

H. 1

2

H. 19

2

H.36

1

H. 2

2

H.20

2

H.37

2

H. 3

3

H.21

3

H.42

1

H. 4

3

H.22

2

H.43

5

H. 5

2

H. 23

2

H.44

4

II. 6

1

H.24

1

H.45

2

H. 7

3

H. 25

3

H. 46

3

H. 8

1

H.26

1

II. IN

2

H. 10

3

H.28

2

H.49

2

H. 11

1

H.29

2

H.50

2

H. 12

2

H.30

3

H.54

1

H. 14

3

H.32

3

H.56

3

H.16

2

H.33

3

H.57

2

H. 17

2

H. 34

2

H.18

1

H.35

2

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

257

TABLE XLV111. — Ordination of 32 palatine indices. — tialado.

No. of
skull.

Index.

No. of
skull.

Index.

1

H.30

62.74

17

H. 15

73.07

2

H.27

62. 96

18

H.56

73.07

3

H. 25

63.15

19

H.17

74.07

4

H.20

64. 86

20

H. 8

74.50

5

H. 1

ar>. 48

21

H. 33

75.47

6

H. 5

66. 66

22

H.49

76.00

7

H.37

67. 67

23

H.40

76.00

8

H..35

69. 81

24

H.50

76.19

!)

H. 10

70.58

25

H.57

76.92

10

H. 11

70.58

26

H.46

77. 55

11

H.43

71. 05

27

H.29

77.90

12

H.24

71.42

28

H.28

78.94

18

H.45

71.69

29

H.41

80.00

U

H. 14

71.92

30

H. 4

81. 63

15

H. 2

73.00

31

II. Hi

81. 63

16

H. 7

73.07

32

H.19

84.61

Variation, 21.87. Theoretical mean of variation, 73.67. Skull nearest to mean, H. 17. Aver
age, 72.94.

If the aberrant skull H. 19 were excluded the variation would be 18.89; the mean, 72.18; the
skull nearest to mean, H. 14, and the average, 72.57.

TABLE XLIX. — Seriation of 32 palatine indices.— Salado.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

Index.

Number
of skulls.

1

62 to 63

2

13

74

2

2

63

1

14

75

1

3

64

1

15

76

4

4

65

1

16

77

2

5

66

1

17

78

1

6

67

1

18

79

0

7

68

0

19

80

1

8

69

1

20

81

2

9

70

2

21

82

0

10

71

4

22

83

0

11

72

i)

23

84 to 85

1

12

73

1

Maximum of frequency, 71, 73, and 76.

TABLE L. — Ordination of palatine depth. — Kalado.

No. of skull.

I'alatine
depth.

No. of skull.

Palatine
depth.

1

H. 33

21

17

H. 57

15

2

H. 30

20

18

H. 4

14

3

H. 19

19

.19

H. 11

14

4

H. 43

19

20

H. 16

14

5

H. 5

18

21

H. 27

14

6

H. 10

18

22

H. 45

14

7

H. 14

18

23

H. 1

13

8

H. 17 (immature)

18

24

H. 2

13

9

H. 20

17

25

H. 7

13

10

H. 24

• 17

26

H. 26

13

11

H. 41

17

27

H. 8

12

12

H. 31

16

28

H. 29 (child)

11

13

H. 37

1(J

29

H. 50 (child)

11

14

H. 40

16

30

H. 28 (child)

9

15

H. 49

16

31

H. 51 (child)

8

16

H. 15

15

. Mis. 169 17

258

MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

TABLE LI. — Osteometrical measurements and indices of the long bones. — tialado.

Designation
of skeleton.

Humerus.

Radius. Ulna.

Antibrachial
index of
right side.

2o •

"SMS

g u »
,= •««

12 S
3

Femur.

Tibia.

Fibula.

Jill

i

M

3

d

m

278
300
304
311
279

1

3

5

i

1

d

6

A

y

9

B
hi

i<

tc
H

c.321
347
337
356
326

1

H.
H.
H.
H.

11
11
II
II
11
II
II.
11
H.
11
II.
II
II
11
II
II
II
11
H.
II
11
H.
II
II
II
11
II
II
II
H
II
II
II
11
11
II

1

282
302
307
312
290

216
2.i9
244
246
226
239
273

215
237
245
247
226
237
267
218

235

237

76. 59
79.13
79.47
78.84
77.93
"79. 10
•84. 09
*36. 53
78.02
79.56
•85 39

77.33
79.00
80 59
79.45
81.00
*7i>. 64

426
c. 424
434
399

431
421
437
403

330
354

•78. 70
82. IIS
•81. 18
•80. 07
•86. 82

5

341
336
360

324

•83. 16
84.00
85. 00
85.02

6

7

263
264
249
256
292
C.240
259
271
271
281

263
C.265
245
254
288
235

359
369
335

8

10

14

327
273
314
323

•89. 72
78. 6»
•76. 15
79. 00
•71.51

397
326
352
364

277
308
320
328
330
317

381
428
332

390

"423
c. 456

329
363

327
355
C.364

•02. 98
84.81
•82. 00

84. 35
•86. 57
•82. 72
•76. 73

18

245
257

258
269

363

19

253

21

25

327
318
275

265

81). 30

32

-71 ?8

•73 99

375

c 325

33

224
210
205

220

81.45
1U9. 50
77.06
"79. 27
76 05

•73. 93

393
388
370
410

•Oil 11

36

224

218

388
372

331
303
355

331

324 \ 85.30
292 292 1 81.89
349 ' 345 i 80.58

85. 30
•94.06

39

266 264
298 294

202

76.51
•79. 78
*76. 40

41

45

309 307

235

403
321

*Q7 111

57

270
280
298

235
243

-86.87
80. 35
76.51

374
400
41.0

376
401

415

323
343
350

315 i 319

328 1 330

85. 82
•88.57
85.36

85. 90
85. 53
84.33

59

284

225
228

*83. 17
•76. 45

60

231

350

61

260

257
268

332

310

71. 15
'76 20

64

307

*76 40

i '

67

230

227
212

307
c. 309
313

278
280

271

278

e. 207
214

203

214

74. 46
76.42

74.90
76. 97

70

384

389 323

326

84.11

83. 80

71

355
391

72

328

263

282

278

•87. 05

79.87

463

464

402

387

•76. 51
•92 94

86. 63

77

c. 386

TQ

251

•84. 34

430

433

368

c. 364
e. 339

362

80.55

84. 06
•80. 84

84

247

85

423
449

353

•83 75

86

333

284

•70 93

451
435

394

395

87. 75

87.58
•80.44

87

88

322

•73 36

272

91

479

480

400

*73. 96

•72. 90

92

354

08

298

•79 97

Set I

c.424

430
c. 391

•83. 55

•81.37
•89. 49

Miscellaneous:

Set II

Set III

240

Hum TUS .
Hum -rus .

277
316

*85. 28
*74 75

249

•82.41
•66 52

211

liadi is . .

242 '

"81 32

380

A \-eragc

302. 12

297. 57

230. 23

234. 57 261. 06

246. 41

78.18

78.86

415. 28

419.30

354.28 349.92 341.78 344. S5 85. 28 83.54

NOTE.— All the indices thus (') marked were obtained by using in the calculation the average length of the respective series in place
of the length of the missing bone.

TABLE HI. — Synopsis of average indices of the long bones. — Salado.

Antibrachial.

Tibio-femoral.

Of right arm.

Of left arm.

Of total or both
arms.

Of right leg.

Of left leg.

Of total of both
legs.

Number of
individual
iudices.

Average.

Number of
individual
indices.

6
tc

4

78. 60
79.17

Number of
individual
indices.

Average.

Number of
individual
indices.

Average.

Xumber of
individual
iudices.

•
Average.

Number of
individual
indices.

Average.

14

18

78. (>6
77.81

H
12

14
15

78. 63
78. a5

12
11

84.73
85.87

10
13

84. %
82. 45

11

12

84.83
84.02

Computed by method II
Total

93

78.18

36

78. 8(5 29 . 78.49

23

85.28 i 23

83.54

23 84. 41

I

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLK LI II. — Antibraahial and tibio-femoral indices in various races.

259

Antibra-

cliial

index.

Ill Europeans 72. 47

9 Esthonians j 73. 10

74. 60
74.70
7 1 . >:.
75.40

75. 77
75.94
76.25
77.97
78.49
78.83

Tibio-

f« ;in oral
iudnx.

6 Egyptians

6 Tartars

7 Arabs and Berbers

5 Koorgans in Russia

1 1 South Americans

11 New Caledonians

7 Hindoos

7 Chinrse, Annamites, and Javanese.

29 Saladoans

12 African Negroes

9 Esthonians 78. 60

6 Tartars 79.60

72 Europeans ! 81.02

6 Chinese and Javanese 81.03

5 Polynesians 82. 20

7 Arabs and Berbers 82. 61

42 African Negroes 83. 26

11 New Caledonians ! 83. 48

11 South Americans 83. 55

23 Saladoans 81.41

NOTE. — The number 2!>, referring to the Sala
doans, moans 2'.) indices of various individuals,
not the indices of 29 individuals.

NOTE. — The number 23, referring to the Sala
doans, means 23 indices of various individuals,
not the indices of 23 individuals.

All the figures in tbe above table, except those concerning Saladoans, are from Topinard.*
We Lave not copied all his figures, however, but only those which deal with five or more indi
viduals. To make his data more comparable with ours we have combined the indices of the two
sexes which he gives separately.

TABLE LIV. — Dimensions and indices of 11. Scapula;. — Salado

Designa
tion <if
skeletons.

Length.

Width.

Indices.

Right
scapula1.

Left
scapula;.

IJijjhl
scapulae.

Left
scapula1,.

Rijilit.
scapula1.

Left

scapula:.

H. 1
H. 6
H. 8
H.21
H.25
H.33
H. 36
!!. 15

H.68
H.70
H.72

Avei

135ea
142
136

93
99

97

68. 8-t

147
137
152
160

101
101
102

(I: P. 71
71.32

68. 70
73. 72
67. 10

68.75

161
130
120

105
94

98

110

a'). 21
72. 30
XI 6ti

138
130

103ca
92

74. 63
70.76

132
123
162

age nidi.

90
97
108

68. IX
78 8(i

66 66

x

71.42

70.61

General average index, 71.09.
TABLK LV. — Angle of torsion of hnmcrnx. — Ordination according to right humerm.

No.

Sex.

Right.

Left.

No.

Sex.

Right.

Left.

1

O '

146 00

o /
148 30

12

o '
160 00

o '

2

148 00

155 00

13

H 15

y

160 30

154 00

3

If. 26

M.

148 30

14

M.

161 00

4

5

H. 5

P.

151 30
153 30

151 00
166 00

15
16

H.41(f)
H 8

M.
F

161 30
161 30

153 00
162 30

6

F.

155 00

157 30

17

H '>?,

M

166 00

166 00

7

H. 33

155 00

18

H 6

M

170 00

168 30

8

n.:«i

F.

157 00

169 00

19

H.33

174 00

9

H. 19

M.

158 30

150 00

20

H.45

174 00

169 00

10

H. 1

F.

158 30

152 00

21

177 00

11

11.32

M.

158 30

161 30

Average of 21 right humeri = 159° to'.
Average of 41 humeri, both sides = 159° 30'

T()PINA1{[>: Op. cit., pp. 1043, 1045.

260

MEMOIRS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE L VI. — Angle of torsion of humerus. — Ordination according to left humerun. — Salado.

^Number.

Bex.

Left.

Right.

Number.

Sex.

Left. liight.

1

O '

148 30

0 '

146 00

11

H. 32

M.

0 ' | O '

161 30 : 158 30

2

H. 19

M.

150 00

158 30

12

161 30

3

4

H. 5
H. 1

F.
F.

151 00
152 00

151 30

158 30

13
It

H. 8

F.

162 30 1 161 30
164 00 '

5

H. 7

M.

152 30

15

166 00 153 30

6

11. 41(?)

153 00

161 30

16

H. 25

M.

166 00 166 00

7
8

H. 15

F.

154 00
155 00

100 30
148 00

17

18

H. 6
H. 39

M.
F.

168 30 170 00
169 00 157 00

9

H. 57

157 00

19

H. 45

169 00 174 00

10

F.

157 30

155 00

20

172 00

Average of 20 left humeri=159° 30'.

TABLE LVII. — Mean angle* of torsion of pairs of humcri. — Salado.

Designa
tion.

Sex.

Mean angle
of pair.

Variation
between
right and
left
ImmeruH.

1

0 '

147 15

o '
2 30

2
3

H. 5

F.

151 15
151 30

30

7 00

4
5
6

H. 19
H. 1

M.

F.
F.

154 15
155 15
156 15

8 30
6 30
1 31

7

H. 41(f)

157 15

8 30

8
9

H. 15

F.

157 15
159 45

6 30
12 30

10

11

12
18

H. 32
H. 8
H. 39

H ''5

M.
F.
P.
M

160 00
162 00
163 00
166 00

3 00
1 00
12 00

14
15

H. 6

H. 45

M.

169 15

171 30

1 30

5 00

Average mean angle of 15 pairs=158° 47'.

Average variation between right and left humerus, 5° 6'.

TABLE LVIII. — Torsion of the humerus icith regard to sex. — Salado.

Male.

Female.

Designation
of skeleton.

Ilighl
humeri.

Left

humeri.

Designation
of skeleton.

Right
humeri.

Left

humeri.

H. 19
H 32

0 '

158 30
158 30

O '

150 00
161 30

H. 5

o '
151 30
155 00

o '
151 00
157 30

H. 25
H. 6

166 00
170 00

166 00
168 30

H.39
H. 1
H. 15
H. 8

157 00
158 30
160 30
161 30

169 00
152 00
154 00
162 30

Average.. .

163 15

161 30

Aervage . . .

157 20

157 30

Total average of males, 102° 22'.
Total average of females, 157° 30'.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LIX. — Torsion of the humerus in specimens in the general collection of the Army Medical

Museum.

Museum
No.

Race or nation.

Sex.

Left.

Eight.

1

165

Mound Builder .

M.

c
150.00

o
152 50

2

2621

do

148.00

152 (X)

3

1530

Apache

M.

154.25

135 50

4

1790

Sioux, Sissetou ... .

F.

158.50

154 25

5

1791

do

M.

162. 75

155 25

6

1792

... .do

M.

156.75

154 25

7

1852

Sioux, Bruld . .

M.

144.00

141 00

8

1896

do

M.

156. 00

148. 75

9

1897

do

F.

155.00

156. 75

10

1898

do . ...

M.

160. 25

154.00

11

1901

do

M.

150.50

136 75

12

2062

do .

M.

154. 75

154.50

13

2068

do

F.

151. (M)

152. 75

14

1853

Sioux, Ogalalla

F.

142. 25

151.50

15

1854

do

F.

150. 50

144. 00

16

2046

Sioux

F.

156. 50

156. 75

17

2071

do

M.

157. 00

157. 50

18

2072

do

F.

157. 00

158. 50

19

2036

Cheyenne

M.

153. 25

159. 25

20

2066

do

M.

154. 50

142. 75

21

6499

M.

168. 25

162. 75

22

1595

Peruvian

F.

161. 75

162.00

23

1

French

M.

174.00

179. 00

24

121

do

F.

hi'.i ?:.

166. 75

25

1578

do

M.

170. 00

159. 50

26

1584

do

M.

178. 50

175. ''b

27

1585

do

F.

175. 50

172 50

28

1620

do

M.

176. 00

176 25

29

2135

do

F.

170. 25

160 00

30

2372

Lap])

F.

161. 75

160. 25

31

2373

do

173. 75

164 25

32

2374

do

167.00

161 50

33

2375

do

165. 50

161. 75

34

2376

. do

166 50

35

2377

;,.

r inn

158. 50

153 00

36

956

Chinese

M.

159. 50

156.00

37

1835

Mulatto

M.

157. 00

151 00

38

2040

do

F.

161.00

165 00

39

552

Nearo

F.

157. 00

140 50

40

1021

do

F.

150. 25

153. 00

41

2037

do

F.

160.00

158 50

42

2041

do

M.

169. 75

161.25

43

2103

do

M.

148. 50

150.50

154 67

151 96

165 20

161 86

Average angle of total

159. 81

156 63

TABLE LX. — Torsion of the humerus in specimens in, the general collection of the Army Medical
Museum (series lexx than five excluded). — Average for mule and female and for right and left.

Eaco or nation.

Number of

individuals.

Female.

Male.

Undetermined sex.

Bijsht
total.

Left
total.

Total
of all.

l!iKlit,

Left.

Total.

l:i_hi.

Left.

Total.

Eight.

Left,

Total.

3 females..
4 males.
1 female.-.
4 undo t«r-
mined.
7 females..
H males.
5 males.
] undeter
mined,
if female*. .
2 males.

160.41
160.25

153. 50

171. 83
161. 75

152.96

169. 12
161.00

153. 25

172. 50

174. 62

173.56

169.89

M -.

151.76

150. 79
152. 75

173. 42
160.75

154.18

154. 70
157. 10

171.66
164.80

152. 97

152. 75
154.93

163.50

168.00

165.75

150. 25

150.55
155.87

155.25

156.05
159. 12

152. 75

153. 30
157.50

152. 00

148.00

150.00

Other North Amerieans . J

150. 66

155. 75

153. 20

262

MEMOIKS OP THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXL— Indices of 19 pelves — Salado.

Designation
of
skeleton.

Bread th-
heieht
index.

Superior

strait
index.

I'ubo-isch-
iatic depth
index

Sacral
length
index.

H. 1

77 95

65 35

72 44

H. 5
H. 6
H. 7
H. 8
H. 10
H. 14
H. 15
H. 18

135. 32
136. 36
145. 83
142. 32
148. 92
131. 77
152. 09

84.72
91.45
74.04
85.82
80.41
103. 44
74.61
86 03

66. 66
76. 06
71.75
66.14
66.43
77.58
59. 23
68 99

77.08
94.87
67.93
80.31
65.03
83.62
73.84

H. 19

89 65

81 89

95 68

H. 25

140. 60

82.81

81.25

H. 36
H. 39

149. 42
152. 38

76.92
69.04

70.76
66.66

76.92

H. 41
H. 45

131. 18

. 78. 63
82.26

80.34
63 I'-'

86.32
73 75

H. 57
H. 59
H.72
H. 9t>

152. 66
137. 07
146. 96
130. 17

82.53
69. 06
80.14

78.21

64.28
62.58
69.85
75.24

76.98
66.18
82.35
89.10

TABLE LXII. — Ordination of breadth-heiyht indices of 14 pelves — Salado.

Designation
of skeleton.

Index.

Sex.

Designation
of skeleton.

Index.

Sex.

1

H. 41

131. 18

Male.

8

H. 7

145. 83

Male.

2

H. 14

131. 77

Male.

9

H. 72

146. 96

Male.

3

H. 5

135. 32

Female.

10

H. 10

1 18. 92

Female"

4

H. 6

136. 36

Male.

11

11.36

149. 42

Female.

j)

H. 59

137. 07

Female.

12

H. 15

152. 09

Female.

6

H. 25

140. 60

Male.

13

H. 39

152. 38

Female.

7

H. 8

142. 32

Female.

14

H. 57

152. 66

Female.

TABLE LXIII. — Ordination of superior strait indices of 18 pelves. — Salado,

Designa
tion of skel
eton.

Index.

Sex.

Designa
tion of skel
eton.

Index.

Sex.

1

H.39

69.04

Female.

10

H.45

82.26

Female.

2

H.59

69.06

Female.

11

H. 57

82. 53

Female.

3

H.7

74.04

Male.

12

H. 25

82.81

Male.

4

H.15

74.61

Female.

13

H.5

84.72

Female.

5

H.36

76. 92

Female.

14

H.8

85.82

Female.

6

H.I

77. 95

Female.

15

H. 18

86. 03

Male.

7

H.41

78. 63

Male.

16

H. 19

89. 65

Male.

8

H.72

80.14

Male.

17

H.6

91. 45

Male.

9

H. 10

80.41

Female.

18

H. 14

103. 44

Male.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

263

TABLE LXIY. — Ordination of 18 pubo-inchiatic indices. — Salado.

Designa
tion of skel
eton.

Index.

Sex.

Designa
tion of skel
eton.

Index.

Sex.

1

H. 15

59.23

Female.

10

H.18

68.99

Male.

2

H.59

62. 58

Female.

11

H.72

69.85

Male.

3

H. 45

63.12

Female.

12

H.36

70.76

Female.

4

H.57

64.28

Female.

13

H.7

71.75

Male.

5

H.I

65.35

Female.

14

H.6

76. (Mi

Mule.

6

H.8

66. 14

Female.

15

H. 14

77. 58

Male.

7

H. 10

66.43

Female.

16

H.41

80.34

Male.

8

H.5

66.66

Female.

17

H. 25

81. 25

Male.

9

H.39

66.66

Female.

18

H.19

81.89

Male.

TABLE LXV. — Ordination of 15 sacral length indices. — Saltulo.

Designa
tion of skel
eton.

Index.

Sex.

Designa
tion of skel
eton.

Index.

Sex.

1

H. 10

65.03

Female.

9

H.5

77.08

Female.

2

H.59

66.18

Female.

10

H.8

80.31

Female.

3

H.7

67.93

Male.

11

H.72

82. ar>

Male.

4

H.I

72.44

Female.

12

H.14

83. 62

Hale.

5

H.45

73. 75

Female.

18

H.41

86.32

Male.

6

H. 15

73.84

Female.

14

H.6

94.87

Male.

7

H. 36

76. 92

Female.

15

H.19

95.68

Male.

8

H.57

76.98

Female.

TABLE LXVI. — Breadth-height indices (general index of the pelvis) in various races.

Haifa.

I! .Saladoans 138. 78

46 Europeans 126. 60

17 African negroes 121. 30

11 Oceanian negroes 122. 70

Females.

8 Saladoans 146.27

21 Europeans 136.90

10 African negroes 134.20

10 Oceanian negroes 129. 00

NOTE. — With the, exception of the Saladoau these data are from TOI-INARI/.S fi&neata d'anthiopologie, p. 1049.
TABLE LXVI I. — Indices of the superior utrait in various races.

Males.

63 Europeans 80. 00

2 Lapps 83. 00

8 Saladoans 85. 77

1 Tasmaniai! 88.00

17 African negroes 89.00

12 New Caledonians 91.00

1 Australian 98. 00

r i. H

10 Saludoans 78.33

-19 Europeans 79. 00

6 African negresses 81.00

3 Peruvians 83.00

7 Australians 88.00

3 New Caledonians 89. 00

1 Javanese 90.00

13 Andamanese 99.00

NOTE. — With the exception of the figures on the Saladoans, these data are from TOPINARD'S filaments d'anthro-
pologie, p. 1050.

264

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXVIII. — 19 different measurements of 30 pelves. — Salado.

Designation of
skeletons.

Conjugata

extrrnu.

Crest
width.

Antero-
superior
spinal
width.

Posterior-
snperior
spinal
width.

Antero-
posterior
diameter
of brim.

Transverse
diameter
of hrirn.

Antero-
posterior
diameter
of outlet.

Transverse
diameter
of outlet.

Sciatic
width.

Pelvic height.

Eight.

Left.

H. 1..

161

188
163
155
161
187 ca.
174 c:i.
154
165 ca.

99
122
107
97 ca.
109
115
120
97
lllca.
104

127
144 ca.
117
131
127
143
116
130
129
116

124
118
101 ca,
118
113
150
108
119

100
120
87
93
110
112
92
123
100 ca.
77

91 ca.
114
78
86
99
102
82 ca.

170
201
187
192
189
186
192
167
192

H. 5

272
255
280
269
277
253
245

233
220
249
234
244
205
211
224

103

72

202
190
193
181
188
188
168

H 6

H. 7

H 8

77
!)2ca.

H. 10

H. 14

H. 15

77

H. 18

87 ca.

H. 19

88

202
206
197

H. 21

209

H. 25

158 ca.

277

241 ca.

106

128

H. 27

H. 33

176

H. 35

H. 36

158

260
256
244 ca.

229
245

88

100
87
92
116
104
96

130
126
117
141
126
139

108 ca.

107
103
90
125
106
109

174

168
186

173

H. 39.

H. 41

149
165
159
169

86
92

...„„.,

117
114
119

186
195
169
179

H. 45

114
101

108

H. 57

258
244

234
227

H. 59

85

178

H. 61

H. 63

H. 72

154 ca.

291

263

'

109

136

105

107

99 ca.

198

H. 79

H. 84

H. 87

187
169

H. 96 (child,
epiphyses
absent)
B

130

220

201

72 c.

79

101

94

69

169

C

Designation
of skeletons.

Iliac breadth.

Height of iliac
fossa.

Cord of
the brim.

Pubo-ischiatic
depth.

Acetabuto-
wymphy-
si'al width

Sacral
length.

Sacral
breadth.

Width of
saerum at
brim.

Inferior
width of
sacrum.

Ridlit,

Left.

Right.

Left.

Eight.

Left.

H. 1..

106
131
107 ca.
106
108
127
118
105
112
108
115
112ca.

83 ca.
96
91
95 •
84
95
90
76

113
128
110
118
114
131
119
112
129
115
122
129

92
111
111

89
102

93 (5 v)
97
96

101

126
116
117
122
126
120
103
110
122

92
107
100
110
105
109
98
101
106
99

83
101
83
91
81
96

H 5

152

89
89
89
83
88
92
85
82

96
89
94

84
95
90
77 ca.
89

H 6

149
153
141
154

90
89

83
90
87
80

H 7

H. 8.

144

H 10

H. 14.

H. 15

139

140
121 ca.

83
87
90

H. 18.

H 19

95

100
104

111

H. 21

98 ca.

96 ca.
96

98

H 25

100 ca

104
100
99
109
105
101
99
109
104
104

H. 27

112

99 (5 v)
103
100 (5 v)

118
111
113
117
106
108
122
113
111

92
86
90

86

H 33

82

113

88

108

H. 35

H. 36

133
133
132
152 ca.

131 ca.

82
82 ca.

88

79

114
105
100
106
105
121

92

84
94

90

84
89 ca
89
82

87

120
112
105
119
112
114

H. 39

H. 41

89 ca.
95
83
83

101

104
97
92
105
102 (5 v)
112
108 ca.
96
105
90

97
92

74
95
82
91
93
92 ca.
96
80 ca.
90
88
70

89
90

H 45

149

H. 57 .

85
81

81

87

H. 59

134

136

H. 61

H. 63.

117 ca.
129
106
121
117ca.
92

121
111

110
115
94

115
98

88

99
104

H. 72.

163

99

111

95

120

H. 79 .

H. 84

H. 87.

144
115

87
72

H. 96 (child,
epiphyses
absent)
B

116

74

91

76

76

99 ca.

C.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

265

TABLE LXIX. — Pilaster femur — Indices of transverse section of shaft of femur from 54 skeletons,

more or less complete. — Salado.

Designa
tion uf
skeleton.

Right, 49.

Left, 47.

Remarks.

Antero-
posterior
dimen-
sion.

231
30
30i
30
32
271
24
271
24
30
32
32
17
29
28

I
Late nil
iliiurD- Index.
•ion.

An.te™ Lateral

"SET di'.»™ Ind«-

lien.

H. 1
H. 2
H. 5
H. 6
H. 7
H. 8
H. 9
H. 10
H. 15
H. 19
H . 2 1
H.25

H.L'il

H.30
H.32
H.33
H.34
H. 36
H. 39
H.41
H.42
H. 45
H.57
H.58

23
23
23
211
24
23
241
261
211
241
271
23
13
25
24

102. 17
130. 43
132.60
139. 53
133. 33
119. 56
97.95
103. 77
111.62
122.44
116.36
139. 13
130. 76
116.00
116.66

231

231

100.00

Both diametern a little oblique.

Slight exostosis in left.

Young child.
Femora bowed forward.

Exostotic fringes on linea aspera.

Slight exostosis on right.
Child. •

Youth.

30
31
30
29
231
28
231
31
33
3U
161
31
271
24
30
261
23
251
32
261
25
29
24
25

24
21
231
24
24
251
211
25
27
24
13
23
23
21
25
23
21
24
25
221'
22
251
201
21

125.00
147. 61
127.65
120. 83
97.91
109.80
109. 30
124.00
122. 22
131.25
126. 92
134. 78
119. 56
114.28
120. 00
115.21
109.52
106. 25
128.00
1 17. 77
113.63
113.72
117. 07
119. 04

30
27
23
25*
33
26
25

231
23
22

221

241
221

> 22

127. 65
117. 39
104.54
113.33
134. 69
115. 55
113.63

H.59
H.60
H.62
H. 63
H. 64
H.65
H.66
H.67
H.69
H.70
H.71
ii. ;j
H.73
11.74
H.75
H.76
H.77
H.78
H.79
H.81
H.82
H.85
H.86
H.87
H. 88
H.90
H.91
H.92
H.93
H.96

Averag

24
25
30
31
27
29
241
25
161
241

211
22
27
25
29
25
231
25
14
23

111.62
113.63
111.11
124. 00
93 10

si

241

126. 53

116.00
104. 25
100 00
117.85
106. 52

16
251
27
30
29
241
26
24
261

14
231
21
24
231
241
25
22
23

111.28
108. 51
128. 57
125.00
123. 40
100.00
104.00
109.09
115. 21

301
301
24
26
24
251
27
281

231
24
24*
24
22
23
241
261

129. 78
127.08
97. 95
108. 33
10!). 09
1 10. 86
110.20
107.54

29
25*
25
261
301
30
291
30
29
27
251
23

251
24
221
25
261
23
23
231
27
2U
23
181

113. 72
10(5. 25
111. 11
106.00
115.09
130. 43
128.26
127. 65
107. 40
110.20
110. 86
124.32

24

251
33
301

23
2Sj

241
23

104.34
108. 51
134. 69
132.60

28
29
28
26
19

o index.

25
27
23

221
191

112.00
107. 40
121.73
115.55
«7. 43

115.76

117.38

Average index of total,

266

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXK. — Pilaster f«rnw — Indices of transverse section of shaft of femur, miscellaneous. —

Salado.

Designa
tion of
skeleton.

Eight, 17.

Left, 18.

Keiuarks.

Autero-
posterior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

Antero-

imaterior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

S i
S u
A
1!

C

u

E
F
G

H
I
K
L
M
N
0
P

Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X

Y

Ave

27
254
29i
25
27

m

24
264

204
22*
27
164

112.50
100.00
143. 90
111.11
100. 00
106.06

28
25
28
24
27
184
28
25i
26

23
244
21
23
26
16
22
23
22*

121. 73
102. 04
133. 33
104. 34
103. 84
115. 62
127. 27
110.86
115. 55

Child.

Both diameters a little oblique.
Child.

26
25
26
31
26

23
23
23

27
244

113.04
108. 09
113. 04
114. 81
106. 12

31

284

108. 77

33

25 i

129. 41

254
27

22
25

115 90

108.00

294
27
25

254
24
20

115. 68
112. 50
120. 00

264

234

112. 76

25

254
24"

23

22*
20

108. 69
111.11
120. 00

32
25

25*

24

125 45

104. 16

21

17

123. 52

204
rage indt

194

105. 12

111.80

115.79

Average index of total, 113.85.
TABLE LXXI. — Indices of section of the femur in Iff Peruvian skeletons in Army Medical Museum.

Number of
specimen.

Ki-ht.

Antero-
posterior
dimen
sion.

Left.

Kemarks.

Ajitero*

posterior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

1595

23

224

102. 22

234

24

97.91

Female.

2555

30

274

110 90

3131

22

20

110.00

224

22

102. 27

Adolescent.

3132

27

294

91.52

254

294

86.44

i

'446

24

224

106.66

244

23

106. 52

I

447

81*

244

128. 57

32

25

128.00

"3

448

254

26

98.07

29

27

107. 40

8 •

•=a

449

27

244

110. 20

264

234

112. 76

450

30

29

103. 44

32

27

118. 51

2*

451

27*

25

110. 00

274

25

110. (X)

2* 1 «2

27i

284

96.49

28

284

98.24

°o

453

24

22

109. 09

234

234

100.00

DJI

454

25

254

98. 03

254

254

100.00

I

455

31

26

119. 23

304

26

117. 30

<5>

456

314

29

108. 62

ft

4-57

33

30

110. 00

Average iudi

106. 74

106. 93

Average iiidex of total, KMJ.84:.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

2G7

TABLE LXXII. — Of indices of transverse section of shaft of femur — entire collection of Balado.

Average of 66 femora of right side 114. 74

Average of 65 femora of left .side 116. 94

Average of 131 femora of both sides 115. 83

Maximum (H. 6, left) 147.61

Minimum (H. 64, right) 93. 10

TABLE LXXII I. — Relations existing between pilaster femur and platycnemiv tibia. — Salado.

\

[The first a skeletons have the lowest average tibial index and the highest average femoral index. In the last 5 the conditions are reversed.]

Desig-

: il>i:i

Femora.

skeleton.

i.VJit.

L, 11.

l',ot.h.

Right.

[ ,-ft.

Both.

V

Lowest

H.6

51.42

49.29

50.35

139. 53

147. 61

143.57

H. 19
H.21
H.30
H.87

48. 75
59. 15
54.54
52.11

48. 75
50.60
51.47
50.00

lx. 7:,
54.87
53. 00
51.05

122. 44
116. 36
116. 00
132. 60

124.00
122. 22
134. 78
130.43

123. 22
119.29
125. 39
131. 51

53 19

50 (12

51 60

125 38

131.80

128. 59

Highest

H.5

73.33

70.49

71.91

132. 60

125.00

128. 80

H.36
H.63
11.70
H.74

76. 28
62. 16
69. 49
74.19

75. 43
68. 57
68.75
79.03

75. 85
65. 36
69. 12
76. 61

117.39
124. 00
106. 52
97.95

115. 21
126.53
108. 51
1(10. 00

116. 30
125. 26
107. 51
98. 97

Total average .

71.09

72. 45

71.77

115.69

115. 05

115. 37

TABLE LXXIV. — I'latycncmia.— Indices of transverse section of shaft in 'JO tibia: from 52 skeletons

more or less complete. — tialado.

Desig
nation of
skeleton.

Right Bide.

Left side.

Rrmarks.

Antcro-
posterior
dimen
sion.

Latent!
dimt'ii-
sion.

Index.

Autero-

|JOSlt'1 inl

dimen
sion.

L.ll. 'Ill

dimen
sion.

Index.

H.1

H.2
H.5
H.6
H.7
H.9
H. 10
H. 14
H.15
H. 19
H.21
H.26
H.29
H.30
H.32
H.33
H.34
H.36
11.3(1
H.41
H.42
H. 45
H. -18
ll.r.7
1 1 . 5S

ii :.(»

264

16

60.37

27
33

304
:;:,i
35
304
34
32
264
40
414
28
184
34
31

17
21
214
174
20
204
22
20
164
194
21
20
14
174
214

62.96
63.63
70.49
49. 29
57.14
67.21
64.70
62. 50
62. 26
48. 75
50. 60
71.42
7:.. 67
51.47
69.35

Muscular exostonis.
^ oiith.
Child.

30
35
36
29
34
30
27
40
354
25
20
33

22
18
19
184
20
20
17
194
21
19
134
18

73.33
51.42
52. 77
63. 79
58. 82
66. 66
62. 96
I*. 75
59.15
76. 00
67. 50
64.64

27
35*
28
27
324
37
314
36
27
324

17
23

214
15
21
224
194
214
17
23

62. 96
64.78
76.28

64. 61
60.81
61.90
59. 72
62.96
70.76

sij

284

•M
32
354
31

23

214
15
20
22
21

66. 66

75. 43
56. 60

111'. 5(1

61.97

67.74

29

334
264
31

18
244
18
19i

62. 06
73. 13
67. 92
62.90

u. I;D
u. in
H.63
B. 68
H. 64
B. 66
H.67

38

364
37
364
37

22
21
23
194
2H

57. 89
57. 53

62. 16
53. 42
58.10

35
37
36

29

24

204

,.,,.

19

68. 57
55. 40
56. 94
65.51

268

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.
TABLE LXXIY— Continued.

Desig
nation of
skeleton,

Right side.

Left side.

Bemarks.

Antero-
posterior
dimeii.
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

Ai.tero-
posterior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

H.68
H. 69
H. 70
H.71
H.72
H.73
H. 74
H.77
H.78
H. 79
H. 81
H. 82
H.84
H.85
H.86
H.87
H.88
H.89
H. 90

27J
19
32

19
141

22

69.09
76.31
68.75

Child.

t
Slight exostosis.

Deformed.
Child.

21
291
301

15

,201
201

71.42
69. 49
67.21

351
36
31

22
20
241

61.97
55. 55
79.03

38|
31
29
31
34
SI*
25|
321

21

23
20
20
20
17
17
21

54.54
74.19
68.96
64. 51
58.82
53.96
66.66
64.61

33
321
32
25
31
29
371
36
39

19

21
17
181
19
20
191
18
22

57.57
64.61
53.12
74.00
61.29
68.96
52.00
50.00
56.41

381
351

20
181

51.94
52.11

29
33
341

161
171
24

56. 89
53.03
69. 56

37
151

251
12

68.91
77.41

A^

61.78

63. 60

Average of all tibia?, 62.71. Average of 78 normal adult tibia?, 61.88.

TABLE LXXV. — Platycnemia. — Indices of transverse section of shaft in 26 miscellaneous tibice.-

tfalado.

Right sid

D.

Left sidf

.

Designation
of skeleton.

Antero-
posterior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

Antero-
poyterior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

Remarks.

A

39

26

66.66

B

274-

19

69 09

c

34

19

55.88

D

32

22

68.75

E

281

191

68.42

F

29

"in

60 34

G

371

21

56.00

H

35

•'2

62 85

I

38

21

55. 26

K

291

21

71.18

L

30*

17

55.73

M

361

221

61.64

N and O
p

40

23

57.50

39
27

241
19

60.28
70.37

Pair.

Q and R
S and T

u

221
21
14

15
17
121

66. 66
80. 95
89.28

22
21

15
17

68.18
80.95

Child.
Child.
Very young child.

V and W
X

29

19

65.51'

29
30

19
191

65. 51
05.00

Probably a pair.

Y

28

20

71.42

Z and A2

281

201

71.92

29

20

68.96

Probably a pair.

Averaj

?P

66.61

66.78

Average of total, 66.70. Average of 11C tibia} of both series (regular and miscellaneous), 63.54.

MKMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

2G9

TAULE LXXV1. — Indices of transverse (section of shaft of femur in (i^ skeletons of various races in

the Army Medical Museum.

Races.

No. of
specimen.

Sex.

Right femur.

Left femur.

Remarks.

Antero-

poste*

riur
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

Antcro-
poste-
rior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

Index.

White

5433
6414
552
2037
2041
2103
3301
5432
1835
2040
1834
756
239

. 814
938
1473
1530
649!)
2133
2036
2066
limn;
1257
622
623
1000
945
6287

165
1121
400
644
788
778
963
964
13
2046
2071
2072
1852
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
2061
2062
2063
2068
1851
!>-,:;
1854
1856
1790
1791
1792
926

956
957

M.

F.
F.
F.
M.
M.
F.
F.
M.
M.
M.

24
27*
23
31
294
284
25
384
324
27
25

254
24
19*
25*
28
27
22
244
274
234
214

94.11
114. 58
117. 94
121. 56
105. 35
105. 55
113. 63
159. 18
118. 18
114. 89
116. 27

234
274
24
31
294
29
26
37
33
27
244
25
25

304
31

224
304
29*
314
304
314
31*
294
284
29

254
244
20*
254
28
27
22
254
284
234
22
26
224

26

264
23
27
244
254
274
274
264
264
244
24 •

92.15
112. 24
117.07
121.56
105. 35
107. 40
118. 18
145.09
115. 78
114. 89
111. 36
96.15
111. 11

117.30
116. 98
97. 82
112.96
120. 40
123. 52
110. 90
114. 54
118. 86
111. 32
116.32
120. 83

Hunchback.

15 years of age.
70 years of age.

llarrly ail adult.
Hunchback.

Youth.
Tumor im right femur.

Hunchback.
Adolescent.

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

F.

M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
F.
F.
M.
M.

M.
M.
M.
M.

M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
K.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
1'..'
F.
F.
M.
F.
F.
M.
M.

M.
F.

26

314
31
224
29
29
314
30
324
30
284
29
204
24
324
294

32
324
30
29
26*
27"
304
24
31
264
33
32
29
31
344
32
32
364
254
33
31
34*
244
284
23
30}
27
214
27
314
32
34i

294
24

23i

254
274
224
254
274
28*
27
274
264
26
24
234
23
284
26

29

, 27
32
23
23
23*
24*
234
284
27
264
264
264
254
284
26
284
28
24
:;<i
29
274
22
274
21
211*
27
21
274
274
:;n.

28

314

214

110. 63

123. 52
112.72
100.00
113. 72
105.45
118. 86
111.11
118. 18
113.20
109.61
120. 83
112. 76
104.34
114. 03
113. 46

110. 34
120. 37
93. 75
126. 08
115.21
114. 89
124. 48
102. 12
108. 78
98.14
124. 52
120. 75
109.43
121. 56
121.05
123. 07
112.28
130. 35
106. 25
108. 19
106. 89
125. -15
111.3(5

103. »;:(

109.52
115.0!)
100.00

ioa.se

98.18
114. 54
104.91
123. 21

93.65
111.62

North American Indians.

Do

Do

Arapaho

Bannock

Cheyenne

Do

Do

Chippowa

Choctaw

Do

Comanche

Dakota. . ....

33

29

294

294
254

284

111.86
113. 72

103. 50

•

30 years of age.
Adolescent.
Adolescent.
About 15 years of age.

About 16 years of age.

Modoc

Mound- builders:
From Dakota

Do

From Mississippi
Do

284
284
26
28
304
23
32
274
324
334
284
314
35
32
32
36
254
33
30
334
244
284
23
31
274
21
26
31
33
344

30
24

33
24

244
254
25
24
26
284
26
29
254
264
30*
28
29
304
254
29
284
29
23
27
224
28
294
20*
26
26
31
29

30
23

86. 3»i
118.75
106. 11'
109. 80
122.00
95.83
123. 07
96.49
125. 00
115.51
111. 76
118.26
114. 75
114.30
110.34
1 18. 03
100.00
113. 79
10.\ 2li
11B.5I
10(i. 52
105.55
102, 22
110.71
98.22
MIL'. i:t
100.00
119.23
106.45
118.96

100.00
104.34

Pawnee

Pah Utes

Do

Sioux

Do

Do

Do

Brtile Sioux

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do ...

Do

Do..

Do

Do

Do

Ogalalla Sioux

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Yankton Sioux

Asialii'.".
Chinese

Do

270

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXXVII. — Platycnemia. — Indices of transverse section of shaft of tibia in G2 skeletons of

various races in the Army Medical Museum.

Xo. of
ipecimen

White

Do

Negro

Do

Do

Do..'.

Do

Do

Mulatto

Do

Mexican

Mnlilenmt Kskimo.

\orttt American Indian*.

A laskan

Do

Apacjio

Do

Arapaho

Bannock

Cheyenne

Do

Do

Chippewa

Ohoetaw

Do

Comanche '

Dakota

Mocloc

Mound-builders :

From I >akota

Do

From Mississippi ...

Do

Navajo

5433
6414

552
2037
2041
2103
3301
5432
1835
2040
1834

756

814

938

1473

1530

6499

2133

2036

2066

6966

1257

622

623

1000

945

6287

Sex.

Antero
poste
rior
dinii-n-

siim.

Pawnee .

Pah Ute....

Do....
Sioux

Do....

Do....

Do

Brule Sioux

Do...'.....

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Do

Ogalalla Sioux .
Do..

400
644

788

778

963

964

13

2046
2071
2072
1852

1895

Do

Do

Sisseton Sioux .

Do

Do

Yanktou Sioux .

1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
2061
2062
2063
2068
1851
1853

1854
1856
1790
1791
1792

M.

Hi;, M.
1121 I M.

Eight tibia.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
F.
M.
M.
M.
M.
F.
F.
F.

F.
F.
M.

M.

284

304

27

304

34

35

30

354

35

31

26

30

384

34

27

34

37

334

324

41

344

33

324

3U

28

404

35

384

42

424

33

•33

32

35

30

364

31

34

324

34

344

364

35

41

43

30

384

354

414

28

36

27

31

324

264

30

40

38

394

23
23
19

224

264

274

22

27

25

23

21

20

204

23'

184

24

23

284

23

25

244

22

20

21

19

274

234

244

244
30
24
214

234

21

17

24-4

24

234

24

25

24
27
27

28
23

214
244
244
264
214

244

21

204

214

194

22

23

284

25

Index.

80.
75.
70.
73.
77.
78.
73.
76.
71.
74.
80.
66.

Left tibia.

Antero-
poste
rior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen
sion.

53.24
67.64
68.51
70.58
62.16
85.07
70.76
60.97
71.01
66.66
61.53
66.66
67.85
67.90
67.14

63. 63

58. 33
70. 58
72.72
65.15

73. 43
60.00
56. 66
67.12
77.41
69.11
73.84
73. 52

69.56
73. 97

77.14

68. 29

53.48

71.66

63.63

69.01

63. 85 '

76.78

68. 05

77. 77

66.12

66. 15
73. 58
73.33
57. 50
75. 00
<i3. 29

29

28

28

33

35

354

31

354

344

32

26

29

344

294

33

384

32

334

42

35

34

314

304

28

404

35

384
394
394
344
34

314

35

284

36

31

35

334

344

36
37

36
41

424

30

38

35

384

294

33

27

32

33

27

304
384
384
36"

23
23

194

224

27

274

22

264

24

234

214
204

Kemarks.

79.31
82.14
69.64
68.18
77.14
77.46
70.96
74.64
69.56
73.43
82. 69
70.68

224

20

23|

24*

30

23

23

25

23|

21*
21
19
27

22

25

24*
27*
25
224

22

17

25

24

234

234

23

23
29

254

27

234

21

24

234

274

22

244

204

204

214

20

22

24

29

65.21
67.79
71.21

63. 63
93.75
68. 65
54.76
71.42
69.11

68. 25
68. 65
67.85
66.66
62.85

64. 93
62. 02

69. 62
72.46
66.17

68.25
62.85
59.64
69. 44
77.41
67.14
70.14
66.66

63.88
78.37
70. 83
65.85
55. 2!)
70. 00
63.15
67. 14
71.42
74.57
74.24
75. 92
64.06

65.15
74.0
72. 13
62. 33
75. 32
69. 44

Hunchback.

15 years of age.
70 years of age.

Barely an adult.
Hunchback.

Youth.

Hunchback.

Adolescent.

Right foramen abnormal;
measurement taken on a
level to correspond with
foramen of opposite side.

Left foramen abnormal;
measurement taken on a
level to correspond with
foramen of opposite side.

30 years of age.

Adolescent.

Adolescent.

About 15 years of age.

Left foramen abnormal;
measurement taken on a
level to correspond with
foramen on opposite side.

About 16 years of age.

MEM OIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLK LXX VII— Continued.

271

light tibia.

Left tibia.

Races.

No. of
specimen.

Sex.

Antcro-
poste-
rior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen Index.
•too.

Antero-
poste
rior
dimen
sion.

Lateral
dimen- Index.

sinli.

Remarks.

Soiitk American Indians.

239

F

30

17 56. 66

31

1

17 54.83

IVruvian

1595

F

28+

18+ 64.91

28

19 67. 85

Asiatic*.
( 'hinese

956

M

37

29 78. 37

36

27 75. 00

•

TAIU.E LXXVIII. — Synopsis of average indices of section of the femur and of section of the tibia
in certain numbers of skeletons in the Army Medical Museum.

RaCBB.

Average indices of section of femur.

Average indices of section of tibia.

Xo of
femora.

Right side.

No. of
femora.

Left side.

No. of
tibia?.

Right side.

No. of
tibia;.

Left side.

69.33

67. 54
73.00

Sioux Indians

24

23
6

112.48

113.00
120. 53

24

21
6

110. 33

111.89
119. 10

24

23
6

69.54

66.44
75.00

24

22
6

Other North Ameri
can Indians .

The following formuhe are found used in the various articles on craniology in the Zeitxchrift
r>ir Ethnologic, from 1879 to 1889, inclusive, to reckon various facial indices. A few articles con
cerning very small numbers of skulls are omitted. The page given is that on which the article
begins. The articles sometimes are made up by two or three men, but Virchow generally writes
the craniometrical part.

In these articles (rejecting two articles where, if the formulae indicated are correct, gross
arithmetical errors have been made; also two where the for muhe have been reversed — a clerical
error perhaps — and the translation of the article in Italian by Hat'. Zampa, where the terminology
is a little suspicious) we have the various formuhe occurring as follows:

TABLE LXXIX.

Tear.

Page.

Title.

Author.

Formula.

1879

118

Livliindische Schiulrl

(• Gesichtshohe X 100.
Gesichtahrcitc (l»j Bizygom

1 Obergesichtshiihe X 100.

I Gesichtebreite (l») Bizygom

Gesichtshohe X 100.
Gesic-htslnvitr, Snt. /> «. nnix

1879 I'M Urber Srhiulcl von Ophrynium Virrhow.. J and

ObcrgpRiclitsliiihe X J.OO.
i'sii-lil.sbi-fife, Suf. zyg. max

f .\[ittelgr8iolit8liohe X 100.

Qeaichtsbreite, Malar
1879 422 ; Vier Soh&del von Cagramy (PhQlipinen) Vin:hmv.. ; ami

Gesichtshohe (b Alvcoliar-
1X80 52 HShleneohadel aua dem oberen Weichselfrebiet . . . Virchow .. J rancl)xlOO.

.]< MIDI

Mittelgesiyhtshiihe X 100.
GeHi ch tsbroi t«, jugftL

1 ( Ges

,w ..

l~l

1880 121 Srhiiili-l v.ni T.-l.ii mill Westarrikaiu-rn.

Malarbrcite ( lii/.ygoni).
ito dcs Gesichts X 100.

Vin-how.. s Hn-ilc ,l,s c.si.'lits X
" j ( Hiihe des Gesichts.

272

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TAHLK LXXIX — Continued.

Year.

Page.

Title.

Author.

Formula.

1SX1

226

( Gesichtshohe (a) X 100.

1881

357

bamba, Siid-Colombieii.

Virchow

< Jochbreite.

{Gesichtshiihe A X 100.
Gesichtsbreite A (jugal)
and

Gesichtshohe B x 100.

1882

76

Alfuren-Schiidel von Ceram und andereu Molucken

Virchow . .

Gesichtsbreite A (jugal).

(Gesichtshohe (A)xlOO
Jugalbreite
and
Mittelgesichtshiihe (B) X 100

1889

998

J ugalbreite.
( Mittelgesichtshiihe x 100

ixx^

Qflfi

( Jugalbreite.
5 Gesichtshohe A X 100

1883
1883

331

390

Eine Fibula aus der Tschetschna und zwei
Schadel von Koban.

t

Schadel der Igorroten

Virchow . .
Virchow ..

( Gesichtsbreite A.

(Gesichtshohe B X 100
Gesichtsbreite b,. malar.
(N. B.— But both indices
are wrong if this is the cor
rect formula.)

f Gesichtshiihe AxlOO
Gesichtsbreite a, jugal,
and

Gesichtshohe B X 100
I Gesichtsbreite -b, malar.

( Gesichtshohe x 100

1884

181

Kollmann

Jochbreite
and

Obergesichtshiihe X 100

Jochbreite.

t (if>sii'llt.Khr'ihfi A VlOO

1884

1884

1884

1884

1884

47 Burgwall bei Ketziu Virchow

113 Das neolithische Griiberfeld von Tangermiinde Virchow ..

168

308

335

1884 ! 390

1885 45

Die Rasse von La Tene . . Virchow .

Schadel mit zwei Schliifenriugen aus Nakcl ' V'irchow

Griiberfelder und Urneuf'unde b«si Taugeriniiude. .; Virchow

Anthropologisclie Excursion nacli Feldberg i Virchow

Die Bewohncr von Siid-Miudanao und der Insol Schadon-
Samal. berg.

a, Gesichtshohe AxlOO
Gesichtsbreite, a, jugal

and
b, doubtful.

< Gesichtshohe AxlOp
( Gesichtsbreite a, jugal.

Gesichtshohe A x 100
Gesichtsbreite A.

GesiclitshohexlOO

(iesichtsbreite a, jugal.

Gesichtshohe BxlOO
Gesichtsbreite B, malar.
Gesichtshohe X 100 _
GesichtHbroite( Sut. zyg. max

and

Obergcsichtshohe x 100

Gesichtsbrcitc(Sut. zyg.max

and

(M slrliKhr.

1885 i 248 ' Schadel nnd Skelette von Botocudon am Rio Doce. Vircliow .

Jochbreite

and
Obergesichtshohe x 100

Jochbreite.
(jtesichtshohe AxlOO

Gesichtsbreite a, jugal.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE LXXIX— Continued.

273

Year.

Page.

Title.

Author.

Formula.

1885

''83

5 Gesichtshohe B x 1 00

( Gesichtsbreitc 1>, malar.
( Gosichtsliroito B malar X 100

1885

314

Virchow

1885

497

Wedda-Schadel

Virchow

( (N. B. — Formula, reversed. )
J Gesichtshohe B x 100

1886
188I>

201
129

Vergleichende anthropologischo Ethnographic
von Apulien.

/a iii| >:i .
Virchow

( Gesichtsbreito b, malar.

Gesichtslange X 100
Gcsichtsbreite
and
J Ganze GesichtslJingexlOO
lireite der Waugenpnukte.
(N. B. — Gesichtsliingo ap
parently means both upper
.and entire facial height.

( (ic.sirhishr.li,.;. li>n

188t>

692

s

Virchow

( Gesichtsbreito (jugal).
5 Gesichtshohe Ax 100

( Gesiehtsbreite A.
(Gesichtshohe AxlOO

1886

752

Virchow

Gesichtsbrrite A

Gesichtshohe Bx 100

•

(icsic-lit^lirciti- 1',.
(- Obere GesichtshoheXlOO

1887

49

Khrenreich

IJochbreite

f)bere GesichtshohexlOO

Gosichtsbreite.
f Gesichtshohe A X 100

1887

296

Motiloncii Schiidel JIUN Venezuela

Ernst

Gesichtsbreite a, jugal
and
< Gesichtshohe Bx 100

1887

321

Virchow ..

Gesichtsbreite b, malar.
(N. B. — Indices wrongly
I figured.)

J Gesichtshohe A x 100

( Gesichtsbreito A.

{(irMrlllshnli,. A,< 1011

1887

354

Griiberfiuid von Kaweuczvii, 1'osen

Virchow ..

Gesichtsbreite A

Gesichtshohe BxlOO

1887

451

Virchow ..

Gesichtsbreite b.

\ (irsirllt.-lirillr li . lull

1887

1888

624
578

Anthropologio der Volkor voiu mittlerrn Congo ..

Meune
Virchow ..

( Gesichtsbreite b (malar).

IGesichtshiihe ax 100
Gesichtsbreite a
and
Gesichtshobe b x KM)
Gesichtsbrcito b.

<t Gesichtshoho AxlOO

I Gesichtsbreite a.
f (iesichtsliohe AxlOO

1889

170

Sc.hiidcl von Tenimber iind Letti (Timor), Kniiila-
Inselii.

Virchow ..

(Jrsli'lilsl.ri'ilc :i

and
Gesichtshohn BxlOO
Gesichtsbreite a.

S. Mis. 10'J 18

274 MEMOIKS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLK LXXIXa. — Summitry showing frequency of use of the various German indicesin table LXX1X.

Name of index from " Verstaudigung."

Formulas.

No. of arti
cles.

Mouto nasal height X 100

22

U]ijitT facia] index of Kollmaiiii..
Fftoiftl index of Virchow

Bizygomatic width
Alveolo-nasal height x 100
Bizygomatic width
Men to-nasal height x 100

8
4

UI>IIIT facial index of Virchow.. .

Kimaxillary width
Alreolo-nasal height x 100
Bimaxillary width

14

TABLK LXXIXb. — Facial indices of Virchow from Europeans.

Facial 119.1

Average of 11.0

Upper facial 73.1

Average of 27.0

TABLK LXXX. — Oraniometrical data according to Frankfurt agreement, computed from data quoted

An Table LXX1X.

Races.

Longth-
brcadth in
dex.

Length-
height in
dex.

Facial index
of Kollmauu.

Upper facial
index of
Kollmann.

Facial index
of Virchow.

Upper facial
index of
Virchow.

Nasal index.

Palatine in
dex.

Facial angle.

Aver
age.

"M

(d J2

fa 50

Aver
age.

'--,<-

si!

Aver
age.

= 5

•si

?5 05

Aver
age.

"3.2

il

fi to

16
3

Aver
age.

"8.3

a

A »

3

Aver
age.

"S.S
ll

Aver
age.

•SJ!

i»
A x

Aver
age.

»3
= Z

A x

Aver
age.

V-, •

fl

77.2
76.8
75. 9
74.5
81.2
79.0
90.2

74.0
72.2

28
5
21
17
8

77.0
78.2
78.1
76.2
73.8
75.6
75.7

25
5
12
17
8

84.3

8

48.6
53.8

111.5

67.9

24

53.2

28

72.1

22

Negroes
Hotocudos
Goajiros skulls
Motilo Hkull ..
Yucatan skull.
Calaveras skull
K o c k U 1 u ft'
skull
Lagoa Santa

95.4

89.1
83.3
80.0

6
3

8

67.8
70.0

15
11

54. 9
47.3

47.2
48.8
49.0

19

18
8

69. 2
71.3
72.5
78.0
80. 3

17
3

7

69° 12'

80^30'

10

10

52.6

11

....

....

66.0
65.7

....

....

5

71.5
80.2

5

76.3

86.5
84.2

4

42.6
47.0
47.0

4

....

....

'58.6
50. 9
50.2

5

100.0
84.8
98.3

....

....

TABLK LXXXI. — /Special series of 101 xkulls in the, general collection of the Army Medical Museum.

NOTE. — Frequent reference is made in this work to our series of 101. This is a collection
of 101 adult skulls, representing '2,1 different tribes and races, which we measured exactly^on the
same system that the Ilemenway collection was measured, just previous to commencing the study
of the latter. Although it is a small series, we have found it useful for making comparisons in
preparing this essay.

The composition of the series of 101 is as follows:

Race or tribe.

Skulls Skulls
of fe- of
males. ! males.

|

Skulls
of un
known

86X.

Total.

Kace or tribe.

Skulls
of fe
males.

.Sknlls
of
males.

Skulls
of un
known
sex.

Total.
2

2

2
3
2
6
4
2

6
6
2
6

Pah Utee

3
3

1
\

1
2

5

1
1
1
•>

• I

10

2
2
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
6
1

Chuckchees

2
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
3

1
1
1

3
2
1

3
1
3

Ancient Californians . .

Australians

1

Sandwich Islanders

•>

Chatham Islanders
American Negroes
American Whites

2
1
2

2
1
2

1
1
3

1
3
3

1

Kskiinos, Alaskan

Kskimos, Grcenlaudie .
Eskimos, Asiatic

Total

46

54

1

101

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
TABLE LXXXII. — General measurements. — Cibola.

275

— *

Number
~ j of skull.

Greatest
^ length.

Greatest
•* width.

5-^
133

1 BaHi-alve-
olar ra-
c diu».

Basi nasal
- radius.

Menlo-nasiil
heiclit.

Inter max-
illary
width.

a tjj

44

"3
25

Orbital
g width.

« a

j'S

K.C

o

31

» Profile
- angle.

III
o

2 -

'o a
o a

0
o

Basilar

augle.

11.202
H. 203
H 204

164
185

152
155
140

151

146
138

95
102

102
101
103

121
123

108

107

49
51

24
26

43

41
40

34
34
33

884
85

9

14

204
17

17
26
22

II. 205
H. 206
II 207

145

146
163

110
144
131

133
138

92
93

92

94

109
114
98

103
96
95

49
50
43

25
25
26

38
39
39

34
36
35

84
85
81

6
5

184
15

24
20

II 208

169

130

109

88

51

23

37

35

87

H. 209
11.210
H. 211

165
146
167

123
142
145

133
133
147

96
90
108

97
90
105

106
107
124

93
91
113

47
44
52

25
23
28

37
36
41

34
34
35

82
864
85

64
4

18
16

24
214

II 212

155

146

136

95

95

98

47

26

38

34

80

2

13

18

H. 213
H. 214

170
163

142
145

141

93

101

118
109

106
101

48
49

27
26

39
38

36
33

88

884

224

30

H. 215

157

135

135

..
98

99

112

101

51

25

41

35

87

H. 216

143

144

145

«n

95

95

48

24

38

32

88

6

17

23

H. 217

152

146

147

99

100

45

27

40

35

84

184

25

11.218

174

151

147

97

103

107

54

28

40

35

7

184

244

H 219

163

141

144

97

101

88

46

23

36

33

85

H. 220
H. 221

1 1 . L'L'J

H. 223
H. 224
H. 225

151
163
151
166
148
152

142
133
134
145
141
139

138
131
138
138
145
137

99
98
89
97
100

96
97
98
100

118
112
106
109
119
112

95
99
99
94
101
91

49
50
47
48
50
47

23
25
26
25
26
24

38
36
39
37
40
40

35
34
36
33
35
34

85
83
89
86
81
83

84
1
11

H
13

104

204
104
22
11
244
22

274
14
30
15
32
29

H. 226

1 ! . L'L'7
H. 228
II. 2L'!»

H. 230
H. 231

167
147
157
166
157
162

lit
139
146
129
144
139

145
136
146
132
134

96
88
95
90
97

102
95
97
96
98

120
102
119
118
III
101

101
100
106
95
104
92

51
48
50
51
51
42

24
24

28
23
26
23

36
37
40
38
38
37

33
34
36
35
34
34

91

89
84

85
81

10
4

24
2
104

204
144
13
134
204

264
194
17
18
27

H. 232
H. 233
H. 234
H. 235

159
163

U!'

147

140
150
152
140

137
144
146
138

95
99
95

89

97
100
95
96

118
122
111
106

103
101
97
94

50
54
48
46

28
25
25
24

39
38
35
39

33

30
32
34

84
884
88
86

11
5*

10

214
16
17
23

29
22
22
31

276

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE LXXXIII. — Indices of 35 skulls. — Cibola.

No. of
Bkull.

Cephalic.

Vertico-
limgitndi-
nal.

Gnathic.

Facial of
Virchow.

Nasal.

Orbital.

II 201

75 86

76.43

94.84

56.81

81.57

H. 202
11. 203
H 204

92. 12
94.51
75 67

91. 51
89.02
74.05

93. 13
100. 99

112. 03
114, 95

48.16
50.98

79.06
82.92
82. 50

H. 205
H. 206
H 207

96. 55
98.63
80 36

91. 72
94.92

100. 00
98. 93

105. 82
118.75
103 15

51.02
50.00
60. 46

89. 47
92. 30
89. 74

H '-"08

76 92

l'>3. 86

45. 09

94. 59

11.209
H. 210
H. 211
H 212

74. 54
97. 26
86.82
94.19

80.60
91. 09

88.02
87.74

98. 96
100.00
102.85
100.00

113. 97
117.58
109. 73

52.19
52. 27
53. 84
55.31

91.89
94.44
85. 36
89. 47

II. 213
11 214

83.52
88 95

82.94

92. 07

111.32
107 92

56. 25
53 06

92. 30

86 84

H. 215
11 216

85.98
100 69

85.98
101. 39

98. 98
95.78

110.89

49. 01
50. 00

85. 36
84.21

H ''17

96 05

96.71

60. 00

87. 50

H •>!«

86 78

84. 48

94.17

51.85

87.50

11 210

86 50

88.34

96. 03

50. 00

91. 66

H. 220
11.221
H. 222
H.223
H. 224
11 225

94. 03
81.59
88.74
87.34
95. 27
91 44

91.39
80.36
91.39
83. 13
97. 97
90. 13

103. 12
102. 08
91. 75
98. 97
100. 00

124.21
113. 13
107. 07
115. 95
117.82
123. 07

46.93
50.00
55.31

52. 08
52.00
51. 06

92.10
94.44
92. 30
89. 18
87'. 50
85.00

11. 226
1 1. 227
11.228
II. 229
11. 230
11 ->3i

86.22
94. 55
92. 99
77.71
91. 71
85 80

86.82
92.51
92. 99
79. 51
85.35

94.11

92. 63
97. 93
93. 75
98. 97

118.81
102. 00
112.26
124. 21
109. 61
109. 78

47. 05
50. 00
56. 00
45. 09
50. 98
54. 76

91. 66
91.89
90. 00
92. 10

89.47
91 . 89

11.232
11. 233
H. 234
11. 235

88i05
92. 02
95.59
95.23

86.16
.88.34
91. 82
93. 88

97. 93
99. 00
100. 00
92.70

114. 56
120. 79
114. 43
112. 76

56. 00
46. 29
52.08
52.17

84.61
78. 94
91.42
87.17

TABLE LXXXIV. — Summary of indices of skulls. — Cibola.

Indices.

Number
of
skulls.

Maximum.

Minimum.

Average.

35

100.69

74.54

88.86

31

101. 39

74.05

88.28

28

103. 12

91.75

97. 48

28

124. 21

102.00

113.94

34

60.46

45.09

51.88

Orbital

35

94.59

78.94

88.52

II. 220 and II. 229 both show maximum /acirti indices.
II. 208 and II. 229 both show minimum nasal indices.

TABLE LXXXV. — Summary of angles of skulls. — Cibola.

Number

Angles.

of

Maximum.

Minimum.

Average.

akulla.

0

o

0

32

91*

80

85A+

Alible of l><iubriiton

27

13

1

6*+

27

24*

10*

174+

27

32

14

MKMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

277

TABLE LXXXVT. — Classification of the inion. — Cibola.

Serial

[Illtll

ber.

No. of

sknll.

Class.

Serial
num
ber.

No. of
skull.

Class.

Set ial
num
ber.

No. of

skull.

1

H. 201

1

12

H. 213

1

23

II. 225

1

2

H. -'02

3

13

H. 215

2

24

H. 221!

3

3

H. 203

1

14

H 216

1

25

II. 227

0-1

4

11. L'lll

i'

15

H. 217

1

26

II. 228

1

5

11. 205

0-1

1«

11.218

4(f)

27

11. 229

1-2

fi

H. 20(i

0

17

H. 219

2-3

28

11. 230

1

7

II. 208

0

18

H.220

0-1

29

II . 232

1

8

11. 209

0

19

H. 221

2-3

30

H.233

1-2

9

H. 210

0

20

H. 222

2

31

H. 2*1

0

10

H. 211

3-4

21

III 223

3

32

11. 235

0-1

11

H. 212

1 1 22

H. 224

1

hi Nos. H. 205, H. 208, H. 209, H. 212, II. 215, H. 220, 11.225, and B. 220 the inion is less
l>i uini in-lit than adjoining points on the superior enrved line.

TABLE LXXXVII. — Seriation of the inion in 32 skulls. — Cibola.

0...

3 3

0-1

4

3-4 . 1

1

11

•1 1

1-2

'>

5 .... ... 0

2

3

2-3

2

Total . 32

TAULK LXXXYIII.— Ptcria of skull*.— Cibola.

No. of

skllll.

Length of
right pt«r-
ion.

Length of
left pterion.

No. of

skull.

Length of
right pter-
iiui.

Length (it
IH'tpterion.

H. 202

14

12

H. 216

7

H. 203

II. 205

19

15

24
17

H. 221
H. 222

15

12
19

H.206
H. 207

10

18

7

11. 223
II. 22(i

15
10

11
9

II. 208
H. 209
11. 210

15
15
17

9
13

II. 227
H. 228
II. 229

13
17

17

14
17
16

H. 211
H. 212
H. 213

17
12
17

19
11
16

H. 230
H. 231
H. 234

9
9

18

13

11
14

Average of right pterion =14.00"""; average of left ptcrion = 13.55mltl. Mean average^ 14.07""
II. 203 has epipterio bone on right side. II. 230 has epipteric bones right and left.

TAHLE LXXXIX. — Showing the character of the Echancrure, or lower nasal border, in 34 ukulln.-

Cibola.

Closa
(Broi-a).

'No. of

skulls.

Percent
age

Deitignation of i In- skulls.

A
A'

A + A1
B

1

9

18

12

11.76
26.47

38. 23
85. 27

H. 201, H. 218, H. 220, H. 229.
H. 202, H. 206, H. 209, II. 212, II. 214, H.215, H. 222, II. 231,
H. 234.

H. 205, H. 207, H. 208", H. 211, H. 213, II. 216, H. 221, H.
225, H. 226, II. 227, II. 230, II. 235.

C
D
E

0
3

0

17.64
8.82
0.00

II. -2(V.\, II. 210, H. 217, H. 223, H. 224, H. 228.
H. 219, H. 232, H. 233.

278

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

TABLE XC. — Ordination of the angles of torsion of the humeri arranged according to the left

h u m eri. — Cibo lu .

Designa-

1 inn.

Left humeri.

Right
humeri.

Designa
tion.

Left humeri.

Eight
humeri.

1

2
3

H. 233
H. 209
H.214

C '

143 00
149 00
150 30

o /
145 00
144 00

13
14
15

H. 221
H. 224
H. 216

o '
160 00
160 00
161 00

c /
148 00
149 00
158 30

4
5
6

H. 207
H. 213
H. 217

151 00
152 30
153 00

136 30
137 00

16

17
18

H. 227
H. 226
H. 212

161 00-
163 00
165 00

157 00
146 30
162 30

7
8
9

H.215
H. 206
H. 234

154 00
154 30
155 00

137 00
150 00
152 00

19
20

21

H.211
H. 218

H 228

170 00
170 00
170 30

151 00
148 30

10
11
12

H. 220
H. 204
H.205

157 00
157 30
158 30

146 00
153 00
151 00

22
23

H. 229
H. 222

171 00
178 00

154 00
165 00

Average angle of left liunjerus=159° 20'.

TABLE XCI. — Ordination of the angles of torsion of the humeri arranged according to the right

humeri. — Cibola.

Designa
tion.

Right
humerus.

Left
humerns.

Designa
tion.

Right
humerus.

Left
humerus.

1

2
3

4

H.207
H. 213
H.215
H. 203

c '
136 30
137 00
137 00
143 00

0 '

151 00
152 30
154 00

14
15
16
17

H. 206
H.205
H.211
H. 234

c '
150 00
151 00
151 00
152 00

o '
154 30
158 30
170 00
155 00

5

6

11.20!)
H 233

144 00
145 00

149 00
143 00

18
19

H. 204
H. 202

153 00
154 00

157 30

7

H. 223

145 30

20

H. 229

154 (K)

171 00

8

H. 232

145 30

21

H. 227

157 00

161 00

9
10

H.220
H 226

146 00
146 30

157 00
163 00

22
•23

H. 216
H. 208

158 30
162 30

161 00

11
12
13

H. 221
H. 218
H. 224

148 00
148 30
149 00

160 00
170 00
160 00

24

25

H. 212
H. 222

162 30
165 00

165 00
178 00

Average angle of right humerus =149° 40'.

APPENDIX A.

CRANIOMETRICAL DIRECTIONS OF TOPINARD."

Those which we use, only, are here given.

Essential measurements.

1 . Greatest antero-posterior length : Prom the glabella to the maximum occipital point.
'2. Greatest transverse width: Upon the parietal or squamous portion of temporal, no matter
where the maximum may fall.

3. Basilo-brcgmatic diameter: From the basion to bregma.

4. Smallest frontal width : Shortest distance betweea the temporal ridges of the frontal bone.

5. Horizontal circumference: Horizontal circumference of the cranium directly above the super

ciliary ridge and across the most prominent point of the occiput.

7. Naso-basilar line: Nasion to basion.

8. Maximum bizygomatic width: Greatest distance between the.zygomatic arches.

!». Biorbital width: Maximum external biorbital or bimalar width from external extremity of
small fronto-malar suture to same point opposite.

11. Maximum bimaxillary width: Maximum distance between the inferior extremity of the

maxillo-malar suture to the corresponding opposite point.

12. Bigonial width: From the external portion of one angle of the jaw to another.

17. Nasal height or naso-spinal height: From the nasion to the middle of the upper border of the

lower nasal spine or lower border of nasal aperture.

18. Maximum width of nasal aperture.

19. Width of orbit: From the dacryon to the opposite external margin following the direction

of the grand axis.

20. Ueight of orbit : Perpendicular to the preceding, beginning at middle of inferior border.

22. Occipito-alveolar length: From the maximum occipital point to the alveolar point.

23. Occipito-spinal length: From the maximum occipital point to the inferior border of the nasal

aperture.

24. Capacity of the cranium: Broca's method.

Complimentary measurements.

A. Antero-posterior metopic length: From the motopion to the maximum point of the occiput.

B. Biasteric or maximum occipital width.
0. Bijugular or inferior occipital width.

E. Bitemporal width: From one subtemporal point to another.

F. Vertical circumference or supra-auricular curve: Between the two supra-auricular points,

passing upon the bregrna.

G. Anterior and posterior parts of horizontal circumference separated by the supra-auricular

curve.

II. Interorbital width: Distance from one dacryon to the other.
1. Alveolar external maximum width: Taken at the level of the molar region.

* TOPINA.RU : filaments d'Antkropologio G6n6ral«, Paris, 1885, pp. 979, el aeq.

279

280 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

J. Alveolar external posterior width : Taken at the junction of the exterior arch and the pan
coupe which is behind the wisdom tooth beneath the articulation of the pterygoid apophysis.
K. Anterior palatine width: Taken between canine and second incisor.
M. Posterior palatine width.
P. Palatine depth.
Q. Height and width of the posterior branch of mandible : Height from angle to upper edge of

condyle; width at right angle with the above.

K. External bicondylar width: Taken between the outer edges of the condyles of mandible.
S. Basilo-mental radius.
IT. Superior alveolar radius.
V. Nasal radius.
W. Inter superciliary radius.
X. Metopic radius.
Y. Obelic radius.
Z. Inial radius.

d. Anterior projection of the cranium or pre-basilar projection.

e. Posterior projection of the cranium or post basilar projection.
/. Superior facial projection or projection of the ophryon.

The above three (d, e, and/) should be taken with regard to alveolo-condylean plane.

APPENDIX B.

CRANIOMETRICAL DIRECTIONS OF THE FRANKFURT AGREEMENT,* AUGUST, 1882.

Those which we use are here given in full, with the numbers, reference letters, etc., which

they boar in the original work.

Horizontal plane of cranium indicated by two lines connecting the lowest points of the borders

of the orbits with the upper margins of the meati auditor ii at points perpendicularly above their

centers.

1. Horizontal length from the central point between the superciliary ridges to the most prominent
part of the occiput on a level with the horizontal plane measured with calipers. The
horizontal length (L, Figs. 1 and 2) is measured parallel to the horizontal plane, and the
taking of this measurement shall be by means of the sliding calipers or Spengel's craniometer.
Why this is necessary is significantly shown in Fig. 2. If one takes this measurement with
the ordinary calipers, especially on a very long skull with strongly projecting occiput, the
result is too small if the measurement is not continued to the tangent, which, rising vertically
from the horizontal plane, touches the farthest poiut of the occiput. This can be done only

K/G. 1.

Fio. 2.

with one of the above-mentioned instruments. Indeed, even in their use experience is
necessary, and repeated control-experiments. In skulls with full round occiputs the taking
•of this measurement has no difficulties. As Fig. 1 shows, the most projecting point lies in
the same height as the anterior end of L. Respecting this latter point on the glabella
(marked S in Fig. 2) a mistake is impossible. Always put the measuring instrument in the
median line, therefore, between the superciliary ridges wheiiever they are separated. As
to the greatest length (gr. L, Fig. 2), it is apparent, upon a comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, that
a difference between this and the horizontal length can only occur in skulls with very
prominent occiputs. In the full, rounded occiput of Fig. 1 both lengths are identical. The
sliding calipers and ordinary calipers, accurately applied, give then the same result. In the
extreme case taken in Fig. 2 the difference, with a length of 206mm for the brain capsule,
amounts to 5""". Also, the skull length measured from the line of the frontal protuberance,
the interttibcral length, coincides in its results very nearly with the greatest length and
horizontal length, especially in brachioephalie skulls with well-rounded foreheads.

' Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Hil. xv, 1884, pp. 1-8.

281

282

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

2. Greatest length (longitudinal diameter) from the center point between the superciliary ridges

to the most prominent part of the occiput (without regard to horizontal plane) ; calipers.

3. Intertubal length from the central point between the frontal eminences and the most prominent

part of the occiput (without regard to the horizontal plane); measured with calipers.

4. Greatest width, B. B., Fig. 3, perpendicular to sagittal plane, measured with calipers (not over

the mastoid processes or at the posterior temporal ridge) ; the points measured must be on
the same horizontal plane.

5. Smallest frontal breadth, S. S., Fig. 4; shortest distance between the temporal ridges of the

frontal bone.

G. Height, called entire height after Virchow, H, Fig. 1 : From the center of the anterior border
of the foramen magnum to the parietal curve, perpendicular to horizontal plane. The differ
ence between the height of the posterior border of the foramen magnum and the anterior
should be indicated from which the height according to Baer-Ecker is ascertained. (Meas
ured with calipers.)

7. Auxiliary height: As in crania, in which the bones of the face are missing, the horizontal plane
can not be accurately indicated, the following shall be measured as the auxiliary height:
From the center of the anterior border of the foramen magimiu to junction of coronal and
sagittal sutures; this always nearly corresponds with the height as in 6.

FIG. 3.

Fie. 4.

8. Auricular height: From the upper margin of the meatus auditorium to a point of the vertex per

pendicularly above the meatus, perpendicular to the horizontal plane.

9. Auxiliary auricular height: From the same starting point to the highest point of the pane al

curve, about 2 or 3 centimeters behind the coronal suture.

10. Length of cranial basis: From the center of the anterior border of the foramen magnum to the

middle of the naso-frontal suture. (Measured with calipers.)
12 and 13. Greatest length and breadth of foramen magnum to be measured in the sagittal plane

and perpendicular thereto.
13«. Breadth of cranial basis: Distance between the ends of the mastoid processes.

14. Horizontal circumference of cranium : Directly above the superciliary ridge and over the most

prominent part of the occiput. Steel-tape.

15. Sagittal circumference of cranium : From the naso-frontal suture to the posterior margin of

the foramen magnum along the sagittal suture. Steel-tape.

16. Vertical circumference from one upper margin of the meatus auditorius to the other, perpen

dicular to horizontal plane (about 2 or 3 centimeters behind coronal suture). Steel tape.

LINEAL MEASURES OF PACE.

17. Facial width after Virchow : Distance between the maxillo-malar sutures; should be meas

ured from the lower anterior corner of one malar bone to the other.

18. Zygomatic width : Greatest distance between the zygomatic arches.

18a. luterorbital width: Shortest distance between the inner borders of the orbits.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 283

19. Facial height from the center of the fronto-nasal suture to the center of the lower border of

the inferior maxilla. (G. II.— W, Fig. 2.)

20. Upper (or middle) facial height : From the middle of the naso-frontal suture to the middle of the

alveolar edge of the superior maxilla, between the middle incisors. (O. K. — W, Fig. 2.)

21. Nasal height (W. — N. H., Fig. 2): From the middle of the naso-froutal suture to the middle of

the upper border of the lower nasal spine.

22. Greatest breadth of nasal cavity (wherever it is found, see Fig. 4) to be measured horizontally.

23. Greatest breadth of orbit (a Fig. 4) : From middle of median border to lateral border of orbit.
25. Greatest height of orbit (Fig. 4, b) : Perpendicular to greatest breadth.

27. Length of palate bone: From the extreme point of the posterior nasal spine to the inner lamella

of the alveolar border between the middle incisors.

28. Median width of palate: Between the inner alveolar walls of the second molars.

29. Width of posterior end of palate: On both posterior ends of palate, bet ween the inner alveolar

walls.

30. Length of profile of face) Kollmann's (G. L., Fig. 2): From the most prominent parl of the

middle of the external alveolar border of the upper maxilla to the anterior margin of the
foramen magnum (in the median plane).

31. Profile angle (P<, Fig. 1) is the angle formed by profile line Pf with the horizontal.

MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITY OP CRANIUM.

32. The capacity of the cranium is measured with shot (in fragile crania with millet). The manner

of measuring to be agreed upon hereafter.

CRANIAL INDICES.

100 widtli
I. Length- width index

length.

Do] ichocephalic to 75.0

Mesocephalic 75.1 — 79.9

Brachycephalic 80.0—85.0

Hyperbrachycephalic from 85.1 and over.

II. Length-height index

Ghamiecephalic (flat crania) to 70.0

Orthoccphalic 70.1 — 75.0

ITypsicephalic (high crania) 75.1 and over.

III. Profile angle.

The inclination of the profile line to the horizontal is divided in the following three grades:

1. Prognathic to 82.0

2. Mesognathic or orthognathic 83.0 — 90.0

3. Hyperorthognathic 91.0 and above.

IV. Facial index (after Virchow) 10() *acml heightcalculated from the linear distance of the

facial width,

facial breadth (No. 17) and the facial height (No. 19) (like the facial index of von Hiilder).

Broad-face crania to 90.0

Small-face crania 90.1 and over.

V. L'pper facial index (after Virchow) tOOupperfacial height calculatc(i frnm tl lin

facial width.

distance of the facial width (No. 17) and the upper facial height (No. 20).

Broad upper face crania, index to 50. 0

Narrow upper face crania, index 50. 1 and over.

284 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

VI. Zygomatic face index (after Kollmann). ^Jf101^ height calculated from the gTeatest

' Zygomatic breadth.

distance between the zygomatic arches (No. 18) and facial height (No. 19), gives two grades :
Low, chamBeprosopio, face crania . . . .............................. to 90. 0

High, leptoprosopic, face crania ................................. 90. 1 and above.

,.,,., , ,,, TT ,, , 100 upper face height.

VII. Zygomatic upper face-height index (after Kollmann). ,.

Zygomatic breadth.

Chainreprosopic upper face with index . . .. ......................... to 50. 0

Leptoprosopic upper face with index .............................. 50. 1 and above.

VIII. Orbital index. 1«« orbital height.

Orbital width.

Chamrekonchic .......................................... • ........ to 80. 0

Mesokonchic .................................................... 80. 1—85

Hypsikouchic ....................................... ............ 85. 1 and over.

100 width of nasal cavity.
IX. Nasal index.

Nasal height.

Leptorrhinic ___ . ................................................ to 47. 0

Mesorrhinic ..................................................... 47. 1—51. 0

Platyrrhinic .................................................... 51. 1—58. 0

Hyperplatyrrhinic ............................................. 58.1 and over.

, f, ^r. , 100 palate breadth.

X. Palate index (after Virchow).

Palate length.

Loptostaphylin .................................................. to SO. 0

Mesostaphylin ............ ................. 80. 1—85. 0

Brachystaphyliu .......... . ..................................... 85. 1 and over.

APPENDIX C.

DETEKMINATION OF THE AGE OF SKULLS.

[Abridged from Broca'n Instructions*.]

There are to be distinguished the following periods: First period of childhood, second period
of childhood, adult age, ripe age, senility. These indications are enough and are worth more
than those of years of age because the anatomical and physiological phenomena which they dem
onstrate are more or less precocious according to individuals or according to race. In our race
these periods correspond nearly to the following ages:

First period of childhood, from birth to the end of the sixth year:

Second period of childhood 7 to 14 years.

Youth 14 to 25 years.

Adult age 25 to 40 years.

Itipe age 40 to 60 years.

Senility beyond (JO years.

We give these figures as a concession to custom and to make the succession of the periods

more easily appreciated. But let us hasten to add that they are for the most part very uncertain.

# # *

First period of childhood. — From birth to the eruption of the lirst great molars, called sixth
year's teeth. * * *

Second period of childhood. — It commences at about the age of six years with the eruption of
the first permanent molar, which marks the beginning of the second dentition; it ends about the
age of thirteen or fourteen years, when the eruption of the four second permanent molars is com
pletely achieved. * * *

Youth. — It commences when the eruption of the four second permanent molars is completely
achieved — that is to say, when the crowns of these teeth are altogether on a level with those of the
first molars; it is finished when on the one hand the wisdom teeth are come out, and when on the
other hand the basilar suture is completely closed.

Adult age, ripe age, and senility. — Onward from the end of the third period the distinction of
ages is much more doubtful. It is based upon the observation of two phenomena which are
gradual and very irregular in their chronology. * * *

Physiologically one is generally contented to divide all the time which passes from the end of
youth to death into two periods: The period of gradual change, called indifferently virility, adult
age, or ripe age, and the period of decadence, called senility. In craniology the first of these
periods should be divided in two ages: Adult age, comprised between the end of youth and the
beginning of the ossification of the sutures, and the period of gradual change from then on to
senility. The craniological distinction between adult age and ripe age is generally easy since it
rests upon the anatomical observation of the study of the sutures. * * *
Senility of the skull is recognized by the following characters:

First. The, sutures are mostly in an advanced or complete state of ossification ; some, of them
at least are entirely effaced and may have left not even a vestige. The others, with the exception
of the, sqiiamons suture, which sometimes remains open until a very advanced age, are more or
less ossified. * * *

* Instruction!* craniologicjucs ut craalometriquei par P. lirnca, 1'ariH, 1875, pp. 128 ct seq.

280 MEMO11JS OF TUB NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Second. The wearing away of the teeth which are yet in place is very pronounced. * * *
The alveolar point mounts almost up to the level of the nasal spine; the mandible reduces itself
to its basilar portion; the height of the symphysis of the chin is found reduced more than one-
half, and finally the angle of the jaw becomes very obtuse. * * *

Third. The bones of the cranial vault of old persons sometimes arc subject to an interstitial
resorption of the spongy tissue; the two compact tables of the bone become fused in one compact
and semitransparent plate, and from this result the undulating depressions characteristic of
•senile atrophy, which are the certain signs of an advanced old age. The most ordinary seat of
these senile atrophies is the zone of the parietal comprised between the sagittal sature and the
superior temporal line of that bone.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1H9I.

PLATE I.

H.I.

Memoirs National Aooilciny of Si-ifUrrs, 1891.

PLATE

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. IS'.H,

PLATE III.

Memoirs Nuiioiml Academy of Fciences, 1X91.

PLATE IV.

Memoirs Nutioual Academy of Sciences, 1HU1.

PLATE V.

H.5

PLATE VI.

H. 6.

PLATE VII.

H.Z

Mriimirs Nuiiiiiiiil Aondi'iny i>f Scit'ncvs, 1K!M.

PLATE VIII

H. 8.

Memoirs National Academy of Sch'iu-t's. lf>lH.

PLATE IX.

MiMiiciirs Niiiiiinul Ai-iuleiny uf Scicnres. IHfll.

PLATE X.

H.1Q

iii^ National Aruilrmv uf Sriem'fs. 1S91.

PLATE XI.

H.ll.

Memoirs National Aruili-mv of Scii-nri's. ls»l.

PLATE XII.

H.ia

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1K91.

PLATE XII

H.13.

rs National Academy of Sciences, 1S!U.

PLATE XIV.

H.14.

Memoirs National AnuliMny of Sciences, 1W.H.

PLATE XV.

H.15.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. 1891.

PLATE XVI.

H.16

Mi-niiiirs National Academy of Scii'nc'ps, mil.

PLATE XVII.

H.17.

Memoirs National Arnilfiiiy tit Scii'iio s, 1891.

PLATE XVIII.

Memoirs National Arililrm.v of Scirm-fs, IS'.M.

PLATE XIX.

Mivnoirs National Academy of Scienri'x. 1K01.

PLATE XX.

H.2Q

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXI.

H.-21.

National AcadoTiiy of Sciences, ism.

PLATE XXII.

H.22

Mrm«>irs National Ar..('e : v of Rrlenci's, ]: HI.

PLATE XXIII.

H.23

Memoirs National Ara<l>-ni.v of Si ienrcs, !fi91.

PLATE XXIV.

H.24

i'rs National Academy of Sriemvs, ]Sill.

PLATE XXV.

H.26

Memoirs National Acnilrmy of Sciences, 18111.

PLATE XXVI.

H.27

Me uiuirs Natiniial At*a<l*'iny <»f S^lt'iie.--', 1MU

PLATE XXVII.

H.28.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 18111.

PLATE XXVIII.

H 29

Memoirs National Acoili-niy of Sc'ii'm-cs. 1S<11.

PLATE XXIX.

H.30.

Memoirs National Academy of Friend's. 1H1M.

PLATE XXX

H.32.

Memoirs Nulicuml Academy of Sciences, 1KSII.

PLATE XXXI.

Mt'inoirs National Academy <»f S«'i»>M<vs. IH't]

PLATE XXXII.

H.34

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XXXIII.

H.35.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1SII1.

PLATE XXXIV.

H.36.

Mi'innirs Niiliiiiial Arililcinv of Srii'liee-. ISO

PLATE XXXV.

H.3Z

Mrnmirs National Arailfiny <>f Sri4Mirt*s, I HIM.

PLATE XXXVI.

H.40

Memoirs National Afaileiny of Seifuces. 181*1.

PLATE XXXVII.

H.4).

Memoirs National A«*a<U*rnv of Srit*n<'**s, 1891.

PLATE XXXVIII.

H.42.

.iirs National Academy of Srirnivs. 18(11.

PLATE XXXIX.

H.44.

Memoirs National Acadfinv of Scit'iu-t's. IS!M,

PLATE XL.

H.4&

Mfiniiirs Nutional Ai-ailfiny of Soil-no's. 1S91.

PLATE XLI.

LJ

H.46.

Memoirs Noti mal Academy of Sciences

PLATE XLII.

H.47

Mrnioirs Natimi.il AiMclriiiy of Scit-nces, 1S!M.

PLATE XLIII.

H 50.

Memuirs National Academy i>f Sciences, ISttl.

PLATE XLIV.

H 51

M«Mnoir> National AfatltMiiy of Soicnccs, 1S01.

PLATE XLV.

H.52

Memoirs National Acailfinv of Sri

PLATE XLVI.

H.sa

Memoir* National Armlfinv of Scicuci's, 1S1I1.

PLATE XLVII.

H54,

Mftiioirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE XLVIII.

H.55.

irs National Acailcmy of Srirnrrs. IK!M.

PLATE XLIX.

H.56

Memoirs National Academy of Sui

PLATE L.

H.5Z

Me-noirs N'atinnal AcMcli-mv <>( Scii-lii-es. l«l|.

PLATE LI.

H 23

H.32

H.15

H.40

CM

f

-

r

Memoir* National Ai-iuli-my of Sciences, 1SH1.

PLATE LV.

H. No. 40.

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE LVIII.

V

H. No 40.

Memoirs N'tttiomil Academy of Sciences, 1891.

PLATE LIX.

H. No. 40.

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